Technology and properties PMN-PT-PS-PFN:Li material for multilayer capacitor

In this work it is designed and obtained the multicomponent material with the formula 0.6075PMN-0.2025PT-0.09PS-0.1PFN:Li (PMN-PT-PS-PFN:Li) for applications in multilayer ceramic capacitors MLCC. Obtaining of PMN-PT-PS-PFN:Li was done by two alternative methods of synthesis. In the first method a PMN-PT-PS-PFN:Li has been obtained from simple compounds (oxides, carbonates), in the second method the complex compounds (MgNb2O6 and FeNbO4) and simple compounds (oxides PbO, TiO2 and carbonate Li2CO3) were used. From synthesized powder of PMN-PT-PS-PFN:Li the ceramic samples were obtained which have next undergone comprehensive investigations. The X-ray investigations, as well as ferroelectric, dielectric and elastic investigations have been made[1] R. S i t k o, B. Z a w i s z a, J. J u r c z y k, D. B o c h e n e k, M. P ł o ń s k a, Microchim. Acta. 144, 9-15 (2004). [2] V.S. V i k h n i n, R. B l i n c, R. P i r c, J. Appl. Phys. 93, 12, 9947 (2003). [3] B. K o, J.S. J u n g, S.Y. L e e, Smart Mater. Struct. 15, 6, 1912 (2006). [4] A. H a l l, M. A l l a h v e r d i, E.K. A k d o g a n, A. S a -f a r i, J. Europ. Ceram. Soc. 25, 12, 2991 (2005). [5] K.C. K i m, Y.S. K i m, H.J. K i m, S.H. K i m, Curr. Appl.Phys., 6, 6, 1064 (2006). [6] S.W. C h o i, T.R. S h r o u t, S.J. J a n g, A.S. B h a l l a, Ferroelectrics 100, 29 (1989). [7] R. S k u l s k i, E.G. F e s e n k o, Z. S u r o w i a k, Ferroelectr. Lett. Sect. 28, 145 (2001). [8] A.K. S i n g h, D. P a n d e y, Phys. Rev. B, 67, 6 (2003). [9] J. K e l l y, M. L e o n a r d, C. T a n t i g a t e, A. S a f a r i, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 80, 4, 957 (1997). [10] R. S k u l s k i, P. W a w r z a ł a, K. Ć w i k i e l, D. B o c h -e n e k, J. Intel. Mat. Syst. Str. 18, 10, 1049 (2007). [11] Z. X i a, Q. L i, Acta Mater. 55, 6176 (2007). [12] T.R. S h r o u t, Z.P. C h a n g, N. K i m, S. M a r k g r a f, Ferroelectr. Lett. Sect. 12, 63 (1990). [13] R. S k u l s k i, D. B o c h e n e k, P. W a w r z a ł a, Arch. Metall. Mater. 56, 1051 (2011). [14] D. B o c h e n e k, R. S k u l s k i, P. W a w r z a ł a, P. N i e m i e c, Adv. Sci. Tech. 77, 47-52 (2013). [15] R. S k u l s k i, P. W a w r z a ł a, D. B o c h e n e k, J. K u -l a w i k, D. S z w a g i e r c z a k, P. N i e m i e c, Adv. Sci. Tech. 77, 41-46 (2013

Technology and electrophysical properties of multiferroic PZT-PFT ceramics

We present the results of obtaining and investigating ceramic samples of solid solution (1-x)(PbZr0:53Ti 0:47O3)-x(PbFe0:5Ta 0:5O3) [i.e. (1-x)PZT-xPFT] with x =0.25, 0.35 and 0.45 obtained using conventional ceramic technology. These materials belong to class of materials known as multiferroics. Solid solutions PZT-PFT are the lowest-loss room-temperature multiferroics known, and as a result there are very interesting for magnetoelectric devices. Paper presents the results of termogravimetric investigations, EDS, XRD and main dielectric measurements. It has been stated that with increasing content of PFT decreases the mean diameter of grains and more wide distribution of grain diameters is observed. For x =0.25 sharp phase transition from ferroelectric phase to paraelectric one is observed and high values of dielectric permittivity. Composition PZT-PFT with x =0.45 has the lowest values of dielectric permittivity, and the transition is more diffused. The increase of x leads also to the shift of the temperature of maximum of dielectric permittivity towards lower temperatures. Samples with x =0.25 and x =0.35 exhibit very low values of dielectric losses up to about 100 C. Dielectric losses for samples with x =0.45 are higher. For obtained PZT-PFT samples we have investigated P–E hysteresis loops at room temperature for frequency 1 Hz. For composition x =0.25 it after application the field about 2.5 kV/mm polarization is equal approximately 28 C/cm2, while for x =0.35, and x =0.45 after application the field about 2.0 kV/mm the polarizations are equal about 25 C/cm2 and 20 C/cm2 respectively. Very low values of losses and high values of polarization lead to the conclusion that interesting material PZT-PFT for applications should be composition with x =0.25.[1] S.-W. C h e o n g, M. M o s t o v o y, Nat. Mat. 6, 13-20 (2007). [2] W. E e r e n s t e i n, N.D. M a t h u r, J.F. S c o t t, Nature 442, 759-765 (2006). [3] Z. S u r o w i a k, D. B o c h e n e k, Arch. Acoust. 33, 2, 243-260 (2008). [4] A.R. L e b e d i n s k a y a, M.F. K u p r i y a n o v, R. S k u l -s k i, Materials Science and Engineering B 83, 119-122 (2001). [5] R. K o l e s o v a, V. K o l e s o v, M. K u p r i y a n o v, R.S k u l s k i, Phase Transitions 68, 621-629 (1999). [6] D. B o c h e n e k, P. K r u k, R. S k u l s k i, P. W a w r z a ł a, J. Electroceram. 26, 8-13 (2011). [7] D.A. S a n c h e z, N. O r t e g a, A. K u m a r, R. R o q u e - M a l h e r b e, R. P o l a n c o, J.F. S c o t t, R.S. K a t i y a r, Aip Advances 1, 042169-1 – 042169-13 (2011). [8] N. L a m p i s, C. F r a n c h i n i, G. S a t t a, A. G e d -d o - L e h m a n n, S. M a s s i d d a, Phys. Rev. B 69, 064412-1 – 064412-12 (2004). [9] W.Z. Z h u, A. K h o l k i n, P.Q. M a n t a s, J.L. B a p t i s t a, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 20, 2029-2034 (2000). [10] L.I. S h v o r n e v a, Y.N. V e n e v t s e v, Sov. Phys. JETP 22, 722-724 (1965). [11] S. N o m u r a, H. T a k a b a y a s h i, T. N a k a g a w a, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 7, 600-604 (1968). [12] I. B r i x e l, J.P. R i v e r a, A. S t e i n e r, H. S c h m i d, Ferroelectrics 79, 201-204 (1988). [13] D.M. E v a n s, A. S c h i l l i n g, A. K u m a r, D. S a n c h e z, N. O r t e g a, M. A r r e d o n d o, R.S. K a t i -y a r, J.M. G r e g g, J.F. S c o t t, Nature Communications 26, 41534-1 – 41534-7 (2013)

Shoulder Dislocation Incidence and Risk Factors-Rural vs. Urban Populations of Poland.

(1) Background: The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence of shoulder dislocation and to estimate non-modifiable risk factors in rural and urban subgroups in Poland. (2) Methods: The study covered the entire Polish population, divided into urban and rural subgroups and observed between 1 January 2014 and 31 December 2014. The study population consisted of Polish patients with a diagnosis of shoulder dislocation (S43.0) in accordance with the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10). Records were obtained from the public health care provider National Health Found (Narodowy Fundusz Zdrowia, NFZ). Based on these data, we assessed shoulder dislocation incidence and risk rates, stratifying the study sample by sex, age and place of residence (rural or urban) using the Central Statistical Office (GUS) personal territorial code (TERYT). (3) The incidence was 25.97/100,000 person-years in rural areas and 25.62/100,000 person-years in urban areas. We did not find significant differences in the incidence between the two subgroups. The highest incidence (75.12/100,000 person-years) and the highest risk for shoulder dislocation were found among subjects 80+ years old living in urban areas. Furthermore, men in the third decade of their life living in urban areas showed the highest risk (OR = 7.8, 95% CI; 6.44-9.45, p < 0.001). In both subgroups, the likelihood of shoulder dislocation was significantly lower for the female sex and among children ≤9 years old. However, girls living in rural areas presented with a significantly higher likelihood for dislocation compared with their peers living in urban environments. (4) Conclusions: No significant difference in the incidence rate of shoulder dislocation between Polish residents living in rural and urban areas emerged. The highest incidence was observed among female subjects 80+ years old living in urban environments. The highest risk was found among men in the third decade of their life living in urban areas. In addition, girls in the first decade of their life living in rural areas had more shoulder dislocations than girls living in urban environments. Shoulder dislocation is dominant in female subjects aged 70-79 living in rural areas and in females 80+ years old living in urban areas

Gonadotropina kosmówkowa jako kluczowy czynnik regulujący implantację zarodka

Abstract Chorionic gonadotropin (CG), as a embryonic factor, controls the implantation process and pregnancy formation. The hormone regulates endometrial functions by its influence on progesterone production and direct modulation of endometrial cell functions. Recent studies suggest the key role of CG in controlling the main implantation processes like apoptosis, angiogenesis, maternal immunological response and trophoblast migration. The review of recent studies regarding CG function indicates its pivotal role in embryo implantation and suggests possible medical applications.Streszczenie Gonadotropina kosmówkowa (CG), jako czynnik zarodkowy, kontroluje proces implantacji i formowania się ciąży. Hormon ten reguluje funkcje błony śluzowej macicy zarówno poprzez wpływ na produkcję progesteronu, jak i poprzez bezpośrednie oddziaływanie na komórki endometrium. Badania ostatnich lat wskazują na kluczowa rolę CG w kontroli najważniejszych procesów związanych z implantacja, takich jak apoptoza, angiogeneza, matczyna odpowiedź immunologiczna i migracja trofoblastu. Przegląd piśmiennictwa ostatnich lat wskazuje na decydującą rolę gonadotropiny kosmówkowej w procesie formowania się ciąży i sugeruje potencjalne zastosowanie medyczne tego hormonu.

Correlation of Patellofemoral Chondromalacia and Body Mass Index (BMI) in Relation to Sex and Age Analysis of 1.5T and 3.0T Magnetic Resonance (MR) Images Using the Outerbridge Scale.

BACKGROUND Cartilage disease (chondromalacia) is most commonly found in the patellofemoral joint. Non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging methods are used to assess the severity of chondromalacia. The available literature lacks papers describing the predilection of chondromalacia changes to BMI assessed on the basis of geometric data that can be assessed by 1.5T and 3.0T MRI. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between the severity of chondromalacia of the patellofemoral joint and age, sex, and BMI assessed on the 1.5T and 3.0T MRI scanners. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study involved 324 patients, including 159 (49%) women and 165 (51%) men, aged 8-87 years (mean age: 45.1±20.9). The studied group had a BMI in the range of 14.3-47.3 (M: 27.7±5.02). A 1.5T and 3.0T MRI scanner were used in the study. To assess the cartilage of the patellofemoral joint, Outerbridge scales were used. RESULTS The age of the patients showed a significant correlation (Spearman's rank, P0.05).  Significant more degeneration was found at the 1.5T scanner compared to the 3.0T MRI (P<0.0025). CONCLUSIONS The severity of chondromalacia significantly depends on age and BMI level. There is a stronger correlation between the degree of chondromalacia and BMI in women than in men

Relationship between Outerbridge Scale and Chondropathy Femorotibial Joint in Relation to Gender and Age-The Use of 1.5T and 3.0T MRI Scanners.

Background and Objective: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) enables the effective evaluation of chondromalacia of the knee joint. Cartilage disease is affected by many factors, including gender, age, and body mass index (BMI). The aim of this study was to check the relationship between the severity of chondromalacia of the femoro-tibial joint and age, gender, and BMI assessed with 1.5T and 3.0T MRI scanners. Materials and Methods: The cross-observational study included 324 patients-159 (49%) females and 165 (51%) males aged 8-87 (45.1 ± 20.9). The BMI of study group was between 14.3 and 47.3 (27.7 ± 5.02). 1.5T and 3.0T MRI scanners were used in the study. The articular cartilage of the knee joint was assessed using the Outerbridge scale. Results: The age of the patients showed a significant correlation with Outerbrige for each compartment of the femorotibial joint (Spearman's rank correlation rho: 0.69-0.74, p &lt; 0.0001). A higher correlation between BMI and Outerbridge was noted in the femur medial (rho = 0.45, p &lt; 0.001) and the tibia medial (rho = 0.43, p &lt; 0.001) than in the femur lateral (rho = 0.29, p &lt; 0.001) and the tibia lateral compartment (rho = 0.34, p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: The severity of chondromalacia significantly depends on age and BMI level, regardless of gender

Polimorfizm C242T genu kodującego cytohrom b-245 alfa nie jest związany z udarem niedokrwiennym mózgu u dzieci: analiza wewnątrzrodzinna i badanie kliniczno-kontrolne

Background and purpose Reactive oxygen species play an important role in the physiology and pathology of cerebral arteries, including ischaemic stroke. The cytochrome b-245 alpha gene (CYBA) encodes cytochrome b-245 alpha light chain (p22phox peptide), a critical element of NAD(P)H oxidases, the most important source of superoxide anion in the cerebral arteries. To search for genetic factors associated with paediatric ischaemic stroke, the possible association between CYBA gene C242T polymorphism and the disease was evaluated. Material and methods The study group consisted of 238 individuals: children with ischaemic stroke (n = 70), their biological parents (n = 118) and children without any symptoms of stroke (n = 50). The C242T polymorphism was genotyped using polymerase chain reaction – restriction fragment length methodology. To evaluate the possible association between polymorphism and stroke, the transmission disequilibrium test and the case-control method were applied. Results The C242 allele was transmitted more frequently than 242T (62.2% vs. 37.8%) but observed frequencies did not differ significantly from expected (p = 0.10). There were also no significant differences in allele and genotype distribution between patients and control subjects (patients: CC – 50.0%, CT – 38.6%, TT – 11.4% vs. controls: CC – 52.0%, CT – 36.0%, TT – 12.0%). Conclusions The study did not show that the C242T polymorphism of the CYBA gene is a risk factor of ischaemic stroke in children.Wstęp i cel pracy Reaktywne formy tlenu pełnią istotną funkcję zarówno w fizjologii, jak i patologii tętnic mózgowych, także w patogenezie udaru niedokrwiennego mózgu. Gen cytochromu b-245 alfa (gen CYBA) koduje lekki łańcuch cytochromu b-245 (białko p22phox), kluczowy składnik oksydaz NAD(P)H, najważniejszego źródła anionorodnika ponadtlenkowego w obrębie tętnic mózgowych. W niniejszej pracy, poszukując genetycznych czynników ryzyka predysponujących do udaru mózgu u dzieci, oceniano możliwe związki pomiędzy polimorfizmem C242T genu CYBA i chorobą. Materiał i metody W badaniu wzięło udział 238 osób: 70 dzieci z udarem niedokrwiennym mózgu, 118 ich biologicznych rodziców oraz 50 dzieci bez żadnych objawów udaru. Polimorfizm C242T genu CYBA genotypowano metodą polimorfizmu długości fragmentów restrykcyjnych w reakcji łańcuchowej polimerazy. Do oceny możliwych związków pomiędzy polimorfizmem i udarem zastosowano dwie niezależne metody: wewnątrzrodzinny test transmisji i badanie kliniczno-kontrolne. Wyniki Allel C242 był częściej przekazywany chorym dzieciom przez heterozygotycznych rodziców niż allel 242T (62,2% w porównaniu z 37,8%), jednak obserwowane częstości nie odbiegały znamiennie od oczekiwanych (p = 0,10). Nie wykazano także znaczących różnic w rozkładzie alleli i genotypów pomiędzy pacjentami i dziećmi z grupy kontrolnej (pacjenci: CC – 50,0%, CT – 38,6%, TT – 11,4%; grupa kontrolna: CC – 52,0%, CT – 36,0%, TT – 12,0%). Wnioski Wyniki badań nie wykazały, aby polimorfizm C242T genu CYBA był czynnikiem ryzyka udaru niedokrwiennego u dzieci