Industrial control measurements of high chromium steel rolls heat treatment

In this paper, industrial control measurements of the heat treatment of high chromium steel (HCS) rolls is presented. Measurements of the gas fired car bottom chamber furnace Bosio PP- KP 70/1150 were carried out in the company Valji d. o. o., Štore, Slovenia. Temperature in the individual heating zones of the furnace, temperatures of the roll surface, furnace external walls, and gas consumption was monitored throughout the whole process of heat treatment. The temperature profile of the rolls cross-section was calculated using computer simulation. Periodical measurements of CO and NOx emissions were also carried out with the aim of combustion evaluation and ecological integrity. The successfulness of heat treatment was examined through microstructure observation, hardness measurement, and the amount of retained austenite in the heat treated rolls

Industrial control measurements of high chromium steel rolls heat treatment

In this paper, industrial control measurements of the heat treatment of high chromium steel (HCS) rolls is presented. Measurements of the gas fired car bottom chamber furnace Bosio PP- KP 70/1150 were carried out in the company Valji d. o. o., Štore, Slovenia. Temperature in the individual heating zones of the furnace, temperatures of the roll surface, furnace external walls, and gas consumption was monitored throughout the whole process of heat treatment. The temperature profile of the rolls cross-section was calculated using computer simulation. Periodical measurements of CO and NOx emissions were also carried out with the aim of combustion evaluation and ecological integrity. The successfulness of heat treatment was examined through microstructure observation, hardness measurement, and the amount of retained austenite in the heat treated rolls

Effects of an anionic surfactant (FFD-6) on the energy and information flow between a primary producer (Scenedesmus obliquus) and a consumer (Daphnia magna)

The effects of a commercially available anionic surfactant solution (FFD-6) on growth and morphology of a common green alga (Scenedesmus obliquus) and on survival and clearance rates of the water flea Daphnia magna were studied. The surfactant-solution elicited a morphological response (formation of colonies) in Scenedesmus at concentrations of 10–100 μl l−1 that were far below the No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) value of 1,000 μl l−1 for growth inhibition. The NOEC-value of FFD-6 for colony-induction was 3 μl l−1. Daphnia survival was strongly affected by FFD-6, yielding LC50–24h and LC50–48h of 148 and 26 μl l−1, respectively. In addition, clearance rates of Daphnia feeding on unicellular Scenedesmus were inhibited by FFD-6, yielding a 50% inhibition (EC50–1.5h) at 5.2 μl l−1 with a NOEC of 0.5 μl l−1. When Daphnia were offered FFD-6-induced food in which eight-celled colonies (43 × 29 μm) were most abundant, clearance rates (~0.14 ml ind.−1 h−1) were only 25% the rates of animals that were offered non-induced unicellular (15 × 5 μm) Scenedesmus (~0.56 ml ind.−1 h−1). As FFD-6 concentrations in the treated food used in the experiments were far below the NOEC for clearance rate inhibition, it is concluded that the feeding rate depression was caused by the altered morphology of the Scenedesmus moving them out of the feeding window of the daphnids. The surfactant evoked a response in Scenedesmus that is similar to the natural chemically induced defensive reaction against grazers and could disrupt the natural information conveyance between these plankton organisms