Extraction Of Phenolic Compounds From Pepper-rosmarin (lippia Sidoides Cham.) Leaves By Sequential Extraction In Fixed Bed Extractor Using Supercritical Co2, Ethanol And Water As Solvents

Extraction of bioactive compounds requires frequent changes in the extraction techniques due to the quality requirements in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. The compounds of the polyphenolic family represent an important group of bioactive compounds in food, and are present in various types of plants, including Lippia sidoides Cham., also known as pepper-rosmarin, an aromatic plant with therapeutic properties. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the sequential extraction (in fixed bed and high pressure) of bioactive compounds from L. sidoides leaves, using supercritical carbon dioxide, ethanol, and water as solvents and, compare the global yield, total phenolics, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of extracts obtained from sequential extraction with the extracts obtained by one-step extraction in fixed bed (high pressure) and by conventional extraction. The results showed that the combination of extraction processes is an effective method to obtain extracts with different compositions and functionalities. Overall, the ethanolic extraction in fixed bed and the three-step sequential extraction showed the best results in terms of global yield, and content and yield of total phenolics and flavonoids. The ethanol extracts exhibited the best antioxidant activity, which may be related to the presence of phenolic compounds

Extraction Of Phenolic Compounds From Pitanga (eugenia Uniflora L.) Leaves By Sequential Extraction In Fixed Bed Extractor Using Supercritical Co 2, Ethanol And Water As Solvents

With the goal of maximizing the extraction yield of phenolic compounds from pitanga leaves (Eugenia uniflora L.), a sequential extraction in fixed bed was carried out in three steps at 60 C and 400 bar, using supercritical CO 2 (non-polar) as solvent in a first step, followed by ethanol (polarity: 5.2) and water (polarity: 9.0) in a second and third steps, respectively. All extracts were evaluated for global extraction yield, concentration and yield of both polyphenols and total flavonoids and antioxidant activity by DPPH method (in terms of EC50). The nature of the solvent significantly influenced the process, since the extraction yield increased with solvent polarity. The aqueous extracts presented higher global extraction yield (22%), followed by ethanolic (16%) and supercritical extracts (5%). The study pointed out that the sequential extraction process is the most effective in terms of global extraction yield and yield of polyphenols and total flavonoids, because it produced the more concentrated extracts on phenolic compounds, since the supercritical ethanolic extract presented the highest phenolics content (240.5 mg GAE/g extract) and antioxidant capacity (EC 50 = 9.15 μg/mL). The most volatile fraction from the supercritical extract, which is similar to the essential oils obtained by steam distillation or hydrodistillation, presented as major compounds the germacrenos D and B + bicyclogermacrene (40.75%), selina-1,3,7(11)-trien-8-one + selina-1,3,7(11)-trien-8-one epoxide (27.7%) and trans-caryophyllene (14.18%). © 2013 Elsevier B.V.86414Auricchio, M.T., Bacchi, E.M., Folhas de Eugenia uniflora L. 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An\ue1lise comparativa da anatomia foliar de Melastomataceae em ambiente de vereda e cerrado sensu stricto

Este trabalho descreve a anatomia das lâminas foliares de três espécies de Melastomataceae, Lavoisiera bergii Cogn., Macairea radula (Bonpl.) DC. e Trembleya parviflora (D. Don) Cogn. que estão colonizando a zona alagável e aberta de fundo de vereda e de M. radula e T. parviflora que ocorrem no cerrado sensu stricto da Estação Ecológica de Águas Emendadas, Planaltina/DF. Os dados estruturais mostrados pelas três espécies indicam escleromorfia com características particulares a cada uma delas, como projeções nas células epidérmicas de L. bergii, diferentes tipos e localização de emergências formadas por esclereídes em L. bergii e M. radula, e evaginações na epiderme de T. parviflora. A caracterização anatômica das folhas de M. radula e T. parviflora não difere entre os ambientes. No entanto, as lâminas foliares dos indivíduos encontrados na vereda apresentaram plasticidade com valores significativamente (P< 0,05) maiores para espessura do mesofilo e do parênquima para massa foliar e massa foliar específica em relação aos indivíduos do cerrado sensu stricto. Esta relação é inversa para valores de área foliar específica. A capacidade de apresentar plasticidade estrutural, juntamente com a escleromorfia, pode ter sido relevante para o comportamento invasivo destas espécies na zona de fundo da vereda como destacado na discussão. Além deste ponto, o texto também apresenta uma breve discussão sobre outros aspectos relacionados à importância de estruturas anatômicas na taxonomia e ecologia destas espécies