25 research outputs found
Synthetic dyes decolorization on agar plates by selected fungi
U ovom radu istražena je sposobnost obezbojenja pet sintetskih bojila (kongo crvena, malahitno zelenilo, fuksin, kristal violet i metilensko modrilo) pomoÄu tri vrste (Äetiri soja) odabranih gljiva bijelog truljenja: P. chrysosporium CCBAS 570, T. versicolor CCBAS AG613, T. versicolor TV6 i C. subvermispora. Gljive su uzgajane na agarnim ploÄama s dodatkom bojila u koncentracijama 50, 100 i 150 mg L-1 te je praÄen njihov rast i obezbojenje bojila tijekom 9 (odnosno 10) dana uzgoja pri 27 ā°C. Sposobnost obezbojenja azo bojila kongo crvene pokazali su sojevi vrste T. versicolor i C. subvermispora. Kongo crvena nije znaÄajno inhibirala rast odabranih vrsta gljiva. Malahitno zelenilo snažno je inhibiralo rast svih vrsta, ali su sve vrste pokazale dobru sposobnost obezbojenja ovog bojila, Å”to je vidljivo iz velikog indeksa obezbojenja (promjer obezbojenja/promjer kolonije) u rasponu od 2,42 do 6,04. Sposobnost obezbojenja kristal violeta pokazale su sve vrste gljiva, pri Äemu je rast vrsta P. chrysosporium i C. subvermispora bio snažno inhibiran ovim bojilom. Fuksin je inhibirao rast odabranih gljiva samo tijekom prvih dana uzgoja. Sposobnost obezbojenja fuksina pokazale su sve vrste, ali indeks obezbojenja nije bio velik (0,24 ā 1). Metilensko modrilo nije inhibiralo rast gljiva, ali je sposobnost obezbojenja ovog bojila pokazala jedino vrsta T. versicolor TV6. UtvrÄeno je kako primijenjene koncentracije bojila u podlozi statistiÄki znaÄajno utjeÄu na rast kolonija gljiva, ali nije utvrÄena statistiÄki znaÄajna razlika u sposobnosti obezbojenja (izraženo kao promjer obezbojenja oko kolonije).This study tested three white rot fungi (four strains) P. chrysosporium CCBAS 570, T. versicolor CCBAS AG613, T. versicolor TV6 and C. subvermispora for their ability to decolorize five synthetic dyes (Congo Red, Malachite Green, Crystal Violet, Fuchsine and Methylene Blue). The fungi were cultivated at 27 ā°C for 9 (10) days on agar plates containing dyes at final concentrations of 50, 100 and 150 mg L-1. The radial growth and the zone of colour change on the agar plates were measured regularly every three days. Both T. versicolor strains, as well C. subvermispora were able to decolorize azo dye Congo Red to some extent. Congo Red did not inhibit the mycelial growth of investigated fungi. Malachite Green strongly inhibited the mycelial growth of all fungal strains. However, high decolourization index (decolourization diameter/mycelial diameter) ranging from 2.42 to 6.04 for all species indicates very good decolourization ability. All fungi were able to decolorize Crystal Violet to some extent. However, apart from P. chrysosporium, growth of all other strains was strongly inhibited by this dye. Fuchsine inhibited the mycelial growth only during the first days of cultivation. All strains were able to decolorize fuchsine, but not as effectively as other two dyes of triphenylmethane group (decolourization index ranging from 0.24 to 1). Only T. versicolor TV6 decolorized Methylene Blue to some extent, even though this dye did not inhibit the mycelial growth of the tested fungal strains. The influence of agar plate dye concentration on fungal growth was statistically significant, while no statistical significance was observed regarding the decolourization ability
Synthetic dyes decolorization on agar plates by selected fungi
U ovom radu istražena je sposobnost obezbojenja pet sintetskih bojila (kongo crvena, malahitno zelenilo, fuksin, kristal violet i metilensko modrilo) pomoÄu tri vrste (Äetiri soja) odabranih gljiva bijelog truljenja: P. chrysosporium CCBAS 570, T. versicolor CCBAS AG613, T. versicolor TV6 i C. subvermispora. Gljive su uzgajane na agarnim ploÄama s dodatkom bojila u koncentracijama 50, 100 i 150 mg L-1 te je praÄen njihov rast i obezbojenje bojila tijekom 9 (odnosno 10) dana uzgoja pri 27 ā°C. Sposobnost obezbojenja azo bojila kongo crvene pokazali su sojevi vrste T. versicolor i C. subvermispora. Kongo crvena nije znaÄajno inhibirala rast odabranih vrsta gljiva. Malahitno zelenilo snažno je inhibiralo rast svih vrsta, ali su sve vrste pokazale dobru sposobnost obezbojenja ovog bojila, Å”to je vidljivo iz velikog indeksa obezbojenja (promjer obezbojenja/promjer kolonije) u rasponu od 2,42 do 6,04. Sposobnost obezbojenja kristal violeta pokazale su sve vrste gljiva, pri Äemu je rast vrsta P. chrysosporium i C. subvermispora bio snažno inhibiran ovim bojilom. Fuksin je inhibirao rast odabranih gljiva samo tijekom prvih dana uzgoja. Sposobnost obezbojenja fuksina pokazale su sve vrste, ali indeks obezbojenja nije bio velik (0,24 ā 1). Metilensko modrilo nije inhibiralo rast gljiva, ali je sposobnost obezbojenja ovog bojila pokazala jedino vrsta T. versicolor TV6. UtvrÄeno je kako primijenjene koncentracije bojila u podlozi statistiÄki znaÄajno utjeÄu na rast kolonija gljiva, ali nije utvrÄena statistiÄki znaÄajna razlika u sposobnosti obezbojenja (izraženo kao promjer obezbojenja oko kolonije).This study tested three white rot fungi (four strains) P. chrysosporium CCBAS 570, T. versicolor CCBAS AG613, T. versicolor TV6 and C. subvermispora for their ability to decolorize five synthetic dyes (Congo Red, Malachite Green, Crystal Violet, Fuchsine and Methylene Blue). The fungi were cultivated at 27 ā°C for 9 (10) days on agar plates containing dyes at final concentrations of 50, 100 and 150 mg L-1. The radial growth and the zone of colour change on the agar plates were measured regularly every three days. Both T. versicolor strains, as well C. subvermispora were able to decolorize azo dye Congo Red to some extent. Congo Red did not inhibit the mycelial growth of investigated fungi. Malachite Green strongly inhibited the mycelial growth of all fungal strains. However, high decolourization index (decolourization diameter/mycelial diameter) ranging from 2.42 to 6.04 for all species indicates very good decolourization ability. All fungi were able to decolorize Crystal Violet to some extent. However, apart from P. chrysosporium, growth of all other strains was strongly inhibited by this dye. Fuchsine inhibited the mycelial growth only during the first days of cultivation. All strains were able to decolorize fuchsine, but not as effectively as other two dyes of triphenylmethane group (decolourization index ranging from 0.24 to 1). Only T. versicolor TV6 decolorized Methylene Blue to some extent, even though this dye did not inhibit the mycelial growth of the tested fungal strains. The influence of agar plate dye concentration on fungal growth was statistically significant, while no statistical significance was observed regarding the decolourization ability
Explosives Precursors (Home ā Made Explosives): Regulations and Supervision
Za izazivanje kriznih ili izvanrednih situacija, odnosno poÄinjenje najtežih kaznenih djela, poÄinitelj Äesto rabi eksplozivne tvari vojne ili gospodarske namjene. Za potrebe nezakonite proizvodnje eksplozivnih naprava (eksploziva kuÄne izrade) sve se viÅ”e rabe razliÄite kemikalije, koje su u uporabi u razliÄitim industrijskim granama; ali i kemikalije koje gotovo svakodnevno koriste graÄani (pojedinci). Kemikalije od kojih se nezakonito proizvode eksplozivi (eksplozivi kuÄne izrade) nazivaju se prekursori eksploziva, a veliki broj takvih kemikalija može se nabaviti u slobodnoj prodaji. Zbog velike sigurnosne ugroze koja je posljedica nezakonite proizvodnje eksplozivnih tvari, koriÅ”tenjem razliÄitih kemikalija, odnosno prekursora eksploziva, Europski parlament i VijeÄe 15. sijeÄnja 2013. godine donijeli su Uredbu (EU) br. 98/2013 od 15. sijeÄnja 2013. o stavljanju na tržiÅ”te i uporabu prekursora eksploziva (SL L 39, 9. 2. 2013.) kojom se uspostavljaju pravila o stavljanju na tržiÅ”te i uporabu prekursora eksploziva. Vezano uz navedenu Uredbu, u Republici je Hrvatskoj 2016. godine donesen Zakon o njezinoj provedbi. Zbog vrlo Å”iroke legitimne primjene razliÄitih eksplozivnih tvari, a posebno prekursora eksploziva te zbog brzog razvoja u zlouporabi tih tvari, potrebno je konstantno ulaganje napora za poboljÅ”avanje sustava nadziranja proizvodnje, prometa i uporabe eksplozivnih tvari i prekursora eksploziva. Jedini naÄin otežavanja, odnosno svoÄenja na najmanju moguÄu mjeru moguÄnosti nezakonite proizvodnje eksploziva, stalni je nadzor nad tvarima od kojih se takvi eksplozivi proizvode.To cause crisis or emergency situations, or to commit the most serious crimes, the perpetrator often uses explosive substances of military or economic use. Various chemicals which are in use in various industries and also chemicals that are used almost daily by citizens (individuals) are increasingly used for the purposes of the illicit manufacture of explosive devices (home-made explosives). Chemicals used to make explosives (home-made explosives) are called explosives precursors, and a large number of such chemicals are commercially available. Due to the high-security risk resulting from the illicit manufacture of explosives by the use of various chemicals, i.e. precursors of explosives the European Parliament and the Council 15 January 2013 brought Regulation (EU) No 98/2013 on the marketing and use of explosives precursors (OJ L 39, 9.2.2013). Regulation (EU) No 98/2013 establish rules for the market placing and use of explosives precursors. In connection with the aforementioned Regulation, in 2016, the Law on its implementation was adopted in the Republic of Croatia. Due to the extensive legitimate use of various explosives, especially explosives precursors, and the rapid development in the misuse of these substances, constant efforts are needed to improve the control system for the production, traffic and use of explosive substances and explosives precursors. The only way to make it difficult, or to minimise the possibility of illicit production of explosives, is to monitor the substances from which such explosives are produced constantly
Synthetic dyes decolourisation on agar plates by selected fungi
U ovom radu istražena je sposobnost obezbojenja sintetskih bojila (malahitno zelenilo MZ, kristal violet KV, fuksin F i metilensko modrilo MM) pomoÄu Äetiri vrste gljiva bijelog truljenja: P. chrysosporium CCBAS 570, T. versicolor CCBAS AG613, T. versicolor TV6 i C. subvermispora. Gljive su uzgajane pri 27 ā°C 9 (10) dana na agarnim ploÄama s dodatkom bojila u koncentracijama 50, 100 i 150 mg L. Zona rasta kolonija te zona obezbojenja (promjene boje) mjerene su (u dva meÄusobno okomita smjera) svaka 3 dana. MZ je snažno inhibiralo rast svih vrsta, ali su sve pokazale dobru sposobnost obezbojenja ovog bojila, Å”to je vidljivo iz velikog indeksa obezbojenja (promjer obezbojenja/promjer kolonije) u rasponu od 2,42 do 6,04. Sposobnost djelomiÄnog obezbojenja KV pokazale su sve vrste gljiva, pri Äemu je rast vrsta P. chrysosporium i C. subvermispora bio snažno inhibiran ovim bojilom. F je inhibirao rast odabranih gljiva samo tijekom prvih dana uzgoja. Sposobnost obezbojenja F pokazale su sve vrste, ali indeks obezbojenja nije bio velik (0,24 ā 1). Inhibicija rasta ovim bojilom primijeÄena je samo u prvim danima uzgoja. MM nije inhibiralo rast gljiva, ali je djelomiÄnu sposobnost obezbojenja ovog bojila pokazala jedino vrsta T. versicolor TV6. UtvrÄeno je kako primijenjene koncentracije bojila u podlozi statistiÄki znaÄajno
utjeÄu na rast kolonija gljiva, ali nije utvrÄena statistiÄki znaÄajna razlika u sposobnosti obezbojenja.Four white rot fungi P. chrysosporium CCBAS 570, T. versicolor CCBAS AG613, T. versicolor TV6 and C. subvermispora were tested for their ability to decolourise synthetic dyes (Malachite Green MG, Crystal Violet CV, Fuchsine F and Methylene Blue MB). Fungal species were cultivated at 27 Ā°C for 9 (10) days on Potato dextrose agar plates containing dyes at final concentrations of 50, 100 and 150 mg L. The colony radial growth and the decolourisation zone (in two perpendicular directions) were measured every three days. Although all fungal strains were strongly inhibited by MG, high decolourisation index (decolourisation diameter/mycelial diameter) ranging from 2.42 to 6.04 for all tested species indicated very good decolourisation ability. CV strongly inhibited the growth of all fungi except P. chrysosporium. However, all species partially
decolourised CV. F was also decolourised by all strains but the decrease in decolourisation efficiency was observed (decolourisation index ranging from 0.24 to 1). Inhibitory effect of F to fungal growth was observed only during the first cultivation days. Only T. versicolor TV6 partially decolourised MB, even though this dye did not inhibit the mycelial growth of the tested fungal strains. The influence of agar plate dye concentration on fungal growth was statistically significant, while no statistical significance was observed regarding the decolourisation ability
HistoloÅ”ka i citoloÅ”ka istraživanja tkiva reproduktivnog sustava Å”takora nakon kratkotrajne isprekidane izloženosti radiofrekvencijskom zraÄenju
The unfavourable outcomes of mobile phone use on male fertility have still not been fully elaborated. To establish the potentially adverse effects of everyday exposure to radiofrequency radiation (RF) on humans, we performed a controlled animal study that aimed to investigate the influence of RF radiation on rat testis histology as well as the amount, mobility, and structure of epididymal free sperm cell population. Eighteen adult male rats were divided into two groups of nine. One group comprised sham-exposed control animals, while the other group endured total body irradiation for an hour daily during two weeks. A 915 MHz RF field, power density of 2.4 W m-2 and strength of 30 V m-1 was generated in a Gigahertz Transversal Electromagnetic chamber. The specific absorption rate (SAR) was 0.6 W kg-1. Body mass and temperature were measured before and after each exposure treatment. Immediately after the last exposure, the animals were sacrificed and testes removed and prepared for histological analysis. The free sperm cells were collected from the cauda epididymis and their quantity, quality, and morphology were microscopically determined using a haemocytometer. No statistically significant alteration in any of the endpoints was observed. This study found no evidence of an unfavourable effect of the applied RF radiation on testicular function or structure. Based on these results, we can conclude that short-time intermittent exposure to RF radiation does not represent a signifi cant risk factor for rat reproductive functions.Svrha ovog istraživanja bila je ispitati utjecaj radiofrekvencijskog zraÄenja (RF) na histologiju testisa Å”takora i slobodnu populaciju epididimalnih spermija. Osamnaest odraslih Å”takora (12 tjedana starosti, približne tjelesne mase 350 g) podijeljeno je u dvije skupine po devet životinja. Unutar gigahercne transverzalne elektromagnetske komore (GTEM) stvoreno je RF polje frekvencije 915 MHz, gustoÄe snage 2,4 W m-2 i snage polja 30 V m-1. Jedna skupina životinja (n=9) bila je dva tjedna zraÄena u GTEM komori jedan sat na dan. SpecifiÄna brzina apsorpcije (SAR) iznosila je 0,6 W kg-1. Tjelesna masa i temperatura bile su mjerene prije i nakon svakog ozraÄivanja. Odmah nakon posljednjeg izlaganja životinje su žrtvovane, testisi su uklonjeni, oÄiÅ”Äeni od okolnog tkiva i fiksirani. Uzorci tkiva bili su uklopljeni u parafin, presjeci obojeni hematoksilin-eozinskom bojom. HistoloÅ”ki su preparati analizirani pomoÄu svjetlosnog mikroskopa. Cauda epididimis isprana je toplim hranjivim medijem. Prikupljene su slobodne stanice, spermiji, te im je hemocitometrom odreÄena koliÄina, kakvoÄa i morfologija. U usporedbi s kontrolnom skupinom, ni jedan praÄeni parametar nije statistiÄki znaÄajno odstupao u ozraÄenoj skupini životinja. Rezultati su pokazali da primijenjeno RF zraÄenje frekvencije 915 MHZ nije utjecalo na funkciju i strukturu testisa u Å”takora
REPRODUCTIVE PARAMETERS OF THOROUGHBRED MARES IN CROATIA
For the purpose of gaining better cognition on Thoroughbred breeding in Croatia, reproductive parameters of 87 Thoroughbred mares were analyzed. An average age of the first covering and foaling were 5.9 and 6.6 years, respectively. The average gestation length was 341.1 days and the most frequent foaling period (20.2% of foalings) was recorded between 336 to 340 days of gestation. Prolonged gestation period (p<0.05) was determined in colts. The gestation length was the longest in January (344.4 days) and the shortest in July (324.0 days). Between the gestation length and the age of the mare no significant correlation was found. There was a trend of foaling rate decreasing in mares older than 11 years. The highest number of successively registered foalings with 10 live born foals was observed on 2 individual samples. The greatest number of foalings occurred in April (30.9%), whilst there was no foaling in October. The genders were 50.6% male and 49.4% female foals. The incidence of abortions was 7.3%. Although indicators point to the breeding strategy heading towards the right direction, by educating the owners and with frequent veterinary supervision, especially for twin reduction, the reproductive performance could be enhanced
Activity of Radiofrequency Radiation at the Cell Level
Svrha rada je procjena bioloÅ”kog djelovanja zraÄenja radiofrekvencijskog (RF) pojasa visokih frekvencija niskog intenziteta na staniÄne makromolekularne strukture; DNA te mikrotubularna, aktinska i vimentinska vlakna citoskeleta u kontroliranim uvjetima. U istraživanju su koriÅ”tena dva pokusna modela, životinjski i stanice u kulturi. Å takori (n=40) podijeljeni su u 4 podskupine kako bi svaka za sebe bila zraÄena. Prva podskupina zraÄena je 4 h, druga 16 h, treÄa 30 h i Äetvrta 60 h. Životinje su žrtvovane 2., 8., 15. i 30. dana pokusa. U istraživanje je bila ukljuÄena i kontrolna skupina (n=24). Å takori su podvrgnuti RF zraÄenju frekvencije 2450 MHz i prosjeÄne gustoÄe snage elektromagnetskog zraÄenja 7,5 mW cm-2 (specifiÄne apsorbirana snaga ā SAR = 1,25 W kg-1). StaniÄni uzorci linije V79 izlagani su 1 h, 2 h i 3 h RF zraÄenju frekvencije 915 MHz, jakosti elektriÄnog polja 10 V m-1 (SAR = 0,2 W kg-1). U istraživanju je proveden mikronukleusni test na stanicama in vivo i in vitro. U prvoj fazi istraživanja in vivo naÄeno je znaÄajno poviÅ”enje broja polikromatskih eritrocita s mikronukleusom (MN) u perifernoj krvi Å”takora nakon osam tretmana zraÄenja po dva sata svaki. GenotoksiÄnost RF zraÄenja istražena je izlaganjem trajne kulture V79 stanica kontroliranim uvjetima zraÄenja u istom RF pojasu elektromagnetskog spektra. In vitro studija je pokazala da je znaÄajno poviÅ”enje broja stanica s MN i oÅ”teÄenje polarnih proteinskih vlakana mikrotubula i aktina povezano s duljinom izloženosti zraÄenju (p<0,05). NaÅ”a su istraživanja potvrdila i u in vivo i u in vitro pokusnim uvjetima moguÄnost nepoželjnih uÄinaka radiofrekvencijskih polja na razini polarnih makromolekularnih struktura u stanicama.The aim was to assess the biological effect of low-intensity, radiofrequency (RF) radiation on cell macromolecular structures, DNA, and cytoskeleton fi bres, including the microtubule, actin, and vimentin. The study was performed both in vivo (animal model) and in vitro (cell culture). The in vivo design included exposed rats (n=40) and unexposed controls (n=24). Both groups were divided in four subgroups. The fi rst exposed subgroup was irradiated with 2450 MHz RF waves and an average power density of 7.5 mW cm-2 (SAR = 1.25 W kg-1) for 4 h in total, the second for 16 h, the third for 30 h, and the fourth for 60 h. Daily exposure in all groups was 2 h a day. The animals were killed on exposure days 2, 8, 15, and 30. The in vitro design included continuous cell culture of V79 cells exposed to a 915 MHz RF fi eld and 10 V m-1 electric fi eld (SAR = 0.2 W kg-1) for 1 h, 2 h, and 3 h. We performed the micronucleus test on polychromatic erythrocytes in vivo and V79 cells in vitro. The test showed signifi cantly more polychromatic erythrocytes with micronuclei (MN) in rats irradiated for 16 h.
The in vitro study confi rmed the signifi cantly higher occurrence of micronucleated cells as well as damage to polar microtubules and actin fi laments, which correlated with the duration of radiation exposure. Our in vivo and in vitro results confirm the possibility of undesired effects of man-made radiofrequency fields at the cell level
COMPUTER SIMULATION AS A TOOL FOR RISK ASSESSMENT OF TERRORIST ATTACKS IN A FOOD PRODUCTION CHAIN
Pojam āteroristā oznaÄava osobu koja provodi nasilne radnje s ciljem zastraÅ”ivanja ili nanoÅ”enja Å”tete, odnosno unoÅ”enja kaosa u sustav. Jedna od Äesto potencijalnih meta terorista jest i hrana zbog moguÄnosti usmjeravanja akcija na Å”iroku populaciju i lakog izazivanja panike. U novije vrijeme takvi incidenti viÅ”e nisu rijetkost,
scenariji o teoretskoj moguÄnosti teroristiÄkog napada na neki lanac proizvodnje hrane viÅ”e ne djeluju samo kao teorija, a zabrinutost da bi se neÅ”to takvo moglo uistinu i dogoditi poprima sve veÄe dimenzije. Namjerno oneÄiÅ”Äenje hrane može imati velike ekonomske posljedice, Äak i kada je incident relativno malih razmjera, jer upravo je ruÅ”enje ekonomske stabilnosti najÄeÅ”Äe glavni motiv nekog namjernog napada koji može biti usmjeren na neki proizvod, pojedinog proizvoÄaÄa, granu industrije ili cijelu državu. Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija (WHO) u GodiÅ”njem
izvjeÅ”Äu o zdravlju iz 2007. godine proglasila je sluÄajna i namjerna oneÄiÅ”Äenja hrane kao najveÄu prijetnju zdravlju u 21. stoljeÄu. Iz tog razloga, WHO apelira na vlade zemalja Älanica, a i na ostale, da pomognu prehrambenoj industriji jer ona snosi primarnu odgovornost za hranu koju proizvodi, dok je namjerno oneÄiÅ”Äenje
hrane opasnim agensima za njih Äesto potpuno nova opcija o kojoj bi trebalo razmisliti. Mjere prevencije, zajedno s pojaÄanim nadzorom i sredstvima za adekvatan odgovor u sluÄaju namjernog ili sluÄajnog incidenta, bolje praÄenje hrane i moguÄnost njezina brzog povlaÄenja s tržiÅ”ta, dvosmjerna komunikacija državnih službi i prehrambene industrije, unaprijed predviÄeni scenariji koji Äe olakÅ”ati raspodjelu
resursa i jednostavnije postavljanje prioriteta u sluÄaju incidenta, te koordinacija izmeÄu industrije i vlade u komunikaciji s javnoÅ”Äu trebali bi biti najmanje Å”to bi svaka vlada trebala uÄiniti. U tu svrhu posljednjih se godina poÄelo pridavati puno viÅ”e pažnje sigurnosti proizvodnih pogona, poveÄanju higijenskih standarda i uvoÄenju
preventivnog pristupa u vidu uvoÄenja HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points) sustava, Äime se razvijaju i implementiraju preventivne mjere kojima se želi sprijeÄiti moguÄe nenamjerno oneÄiÅ”Äenje hrane prilikom njezine proizvodnje, prerade i distribucije. Iako je HACCP najÄeÅ”Äe uÄinkovit sustav, on Äesto zahtijeva nadogradnju u smislu zaÅ”tite od namjernih oneÄiÅ”Äenja hrane u vidu teroristiÄkih napada. SprjeÄavanje takvih incidenata ne podrazumijeva obavezno visoku tehnologiju i velike troÅ”kove. Pogodna opcija je svima dostupan besplatni raÄunalni program
CARVER+Shock koji je razvila Vlada SAD-a a služi kao alat Å”to pomaže pri postavljanju prioriteta i otkrivanju ranjivih toÄaka unutar nekog proizvodnog sustava ili druge infrastrukture. Program analizira Å”est karakteristika Å”to se koriste za procjenu privlaÄnosti cilja za napad: kritiÄnost, pristupaÄnost, oporavak, ranjivost, uÄinak
i prepoznatljivost, a provodi se u pet koraka: postavljanje parametara, okupljanje struÄnjaka, opis lanca opskrbe hranom, dodjeljivanje ocjena, primjena nauÄenoga. Navedene moguÄnosti Äine ovaj program idealnim alatom za identifikaciju potencijalno
slabih toÄaka u lancu proizvodnje hrane s obzirom na napadaÄa i agense koje prepoznajemo kao potencijalne prijetnje.The term āterroristā is related to a person that is performing violent acts with the aim of frightening or causing damage and producing chaos within the system. Because of the possibilities to direct such actions on wide population and easiness of producing panic, food is often one of the most potential targets for terrorist attacks.
In recent years, such incidents are not rare any more, scenarios of theoretical possibilities of terrorist attacks on food chains are not only theoretical, while worry that such scenarios could become real is gaining higher dimension. Intentional spoilage of food can result in significant economic consequences, even when incidents are
of relatively low range, because of the ruining of economic stability that is often the main motivation of an intentional attack targeted at a certain food product, producer, industry branch or even whole country. World Health Organisation (WHO) has declared
unintentional and intentional food spoilages in its Annual Health Report published in 2007 as the biggest threat to health in 21st century. Because of that, WHO is appealing to the member countriesā governments, as well as the other countries, to help food industry as it carries on now primary responsibility for food safety, while
the intentional food spoilage often presents completely new option for them that should be revised. Measures for prevention, together with increased surveillance and facilities for adequate response in cases of intentional or unintentional food spoilage, better tracing and possibilities for food withdrawal, interactive communication
between governmental institutions and food producers, predicted scenarios that should rationalise usage of budget, simplification of defining of priorities in the cases of incidents, as well as coordination between the industry and governments in public communication should be considered as a minimum that each government
should be doing. With this aim, more care has been directed at the safety of producing units, increase of hygiene standards and introduction of preventive approach through the implementation of the HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points) principles, which is developing preventive measures aimed at prevention of unintentional food spoilage while producing, processing and distribution of food. Despite the fact that HACCP is most often an efficient system, it frequently demands upgrading in the meaning of protection from intentional food spoilages through the terrorist attacks. Prevention from such incidents does not necessarily
require high technology and financial resources. Good opportunity could be found in CARVER+Shock computer program that is accessible and free to use and has been developed by the USA Government. It serves as a tool for determination of priorities and detection of vulnerable points within certain producing unit or other
infrastructure. The program can analyse six characteristics that can be used for assessment of attractiveness of a target for attack: criticality, accessibility, recuperability, vulnerability, effect and recognisability, while it is being performed in five steps: establishing parameters, assembling experts, detailing food supply chain,
assigning scores and applying what has been learned. The listed possibilities make this program an ideal tool for the identifi cation of potentially weak points in a food producing chain related to attackers and agents recognised as potential threats
Morphological skills in preschool children born after asymmetrical intrauterine growth restriction
U istraživanju su ispitana i usporeÄena morfoloÅ”ka znanja izmeÄu djece roÄene nakon intrauterinog zastoja rasta i kontrolnih ispitanika.
Djeca s intrauterinim zastojem rasta roÄena su u terminu, ispod desetog centila za gestacijsku dob, red roÄenja i spol. Kontrolni ispitanici su ujednaÄeni s djecom roÄenom nakon inutrauterinog zastoja rasta prema kronoloÅ”koj i gestacijskoj dobi, spolu i stupnju obrazovanja majke. Svi ispitanici su roÄeni na termin i hrvatski jezik
im je materinji. StatistiÄka analiza potvrÄuje znaÄajne razlike u koristi kontrolnih ispitanika na zadacima za ispitivanje infleksijske morfologije. NajveÄi doprinos razlikama daju dvojina imenica i množina lažnih rijeÄi. Prema rezultatima istraživanja možemo zakljuÄiti kako intrauterini zastoj rasta može imati negativan utjecaj na usvajanje jeziÄnih sposobnosti u dijelu morfoloÅ”kih
znanja. Rezultati upuÄuju na potrebu praÄenja ove skupine neurorizÄne djece kako bi se moguÄi zastoji ili usporavanja u usvajanju jeziÄnih sposobnosti uoÄili u ranoj dobi, Å”to bi omoguÄilo pravovremenu intervenciju.The study assessed and compared morphological knowledge between a group of children born after asymmetrical intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and a group of children with adequate birth weight (BW).
IUGR participants were born at full term with BW under the 10th percentile for gestation age, parity and gender. There were 40 examinees in each group matched according to chronological and gestational age, gender and motherās educational level. All children were born at term and they were native speakers of the Croatian language.
Results confirmed statistically significant differences at the level of inflection of morphological knowledge. Variables of dual of nouns and plural of pseudowords had the most discriminatory power.
According to findings from this research, IUGR has a negative impact on the development of morphological knowledge. The results indicate the necessity to follow up on children with IUGR for the purpose of detecting language difficulties and early intervention