654 research outputs found

    Cinéticas de crescimento do ciclo da Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi em cultura de células McCoy

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    The kinetics of growth of Leishmania performed in vitro after internalization of the promastigote form in the cell and the occurrence of the transformation of the parasite into the amastigote form have been described by several authors. They used explants of macrophages in hamster spleen cell culture or in a human macrophage lineage cell, the U937. Using microscopy, the description of morphologic inter-relationship and the analysis of the production of specific molecules, it has been possible to define some of the peculiarities of the biology of the parasite. The present study shows the growth cycle of Leishmania chagasi during the observation of kinetic analysis undertaken with a McCoy cell lineage that lasted for a period of 144 hours. During the process, the morphologic transformation was revealed by indirect immunofluorescence (IF) and the molecules liberated in the extra cellular medium were observed by SDS-PAGE at 24-hour intervals during the whole 144-hour period. It was observed that in the first 72 hours the promastigote form of L. chagasi adhered to the cell membranes and assumed a rounded (amastigote-like) form. At 96 hours the infected cells showed morphologic alterations; at 120 hours the cells had liberated soluble fluorescent antigens into the extra cellular medium. At 144 hours, new elongated forms of the parasites, similar to promastigotes, were observed. In the SDS-PAGE, specific molecular weight proteins were observed at each point of the kinetic analysis showing that the McCoy cell imitates the macrophage and may be considered a useful model for the study of the infection of the Leishmania/cell binomial.Cinéticas de crescimento de Leishmania realizadas in vitro após a internalização da forma promastigota na célula e a ocorrência da transformação do parasito na forma amastigota foram descritas por vários autores, seja com a utilização de explantes de macrófagos em células de baço de hamster ou atualmente da célula de linhagem de macrófago humano U937. Aliando a microscopia à descrição das inter-relações morfológicas e à síntese de moléculas específicas foi possível esclarecer pontos sobre a biologia do parasito. O presente estudo mostra o acompanhamento do ciclo de crescimento da Leishmania chagasi em uma cinética realizada com células de linhagem McCoy, no período de 144 horas. Durante o processo, as transformações morfológicas foram reveladas pela reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI) e as moléculas liberadas no meio extracelular foram observadas pelo método de SDS-PAGE, em intervalos de 24 horas no período de 144 horas. Observou-se que nas primeiras 72 horas, a forma promastigota da L. chagasi fica aderida à membrana das células com aspecto arredondado (amastigota-like). Em 96 horas as células infectadas apresentaram alterações morfológicas; em 120 horas, as células liberaram, para o meio extracelular, antígenos fluorescentes solúveis; e em 144 horas foram observadas novas formas alongadas dos parasitos como se fossem promastigotas. No SDS-PAGE, proteínas com pesos moleculares específicos são observadas em cada ponto da cinética, mostrando que a célula McCoy parece mimetizar o macrófago e que pode ser um modelo útil para o estudo da infecção do binômio leishmânia/célula

    Avaliação do impacto de descargas em sistemas fluviais urbanos : o caso da ribeira de Couros

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    Os recursos hídricos, apesar de desempenharem um papel fulcral e insubstituível para o equilíbrio ecológico e para a manutenção da vida na Terra, são dos recursos naturais mais afetados pelas atividades antropogénicas. Nas últimas décadas, o uso sustentável da água e a preservação das suas origens tem merecido uma atenção crescente das entidades responsáveis, face à premente necessidade de se adotarem medidas adequadas ao efetivo controlo da qualidade da água dos sistemas aquáticos. O presente trabalho insere-se num projeto mais abrangente, relativo à Regularização e Requalificação da Ribeira de Couros (na bacia hidrográfica do rio Ave), que atravessa a zona urbana de Guimarães, constituindo uma fase preliminar da vertente associada à gestão da qualidade da água. O principal objetivo desta fase é o de monitorizar a evolução das concentrações de oxigénio dissolvido (OD) ao longo de um trecho inicial da ribeira de Couros, no sentido de calibrar e validar o modelo de qualidade da água da ribeira (em desenvolvimento), de modo a simular o balanço de oxigénio dissolvido ao longo desse trecho e a avaliar o impacto das descargas antrópicas nesse meio hídrico. Face à indisponibilidade de dados de qualidade da água, foi implementado um programa de monitorização através da realização de campanhas de amostragem semanais de modo a avaliar a evolução dos parâmetros de qualidade da água (OD, CBO, pH, temperatura e potencial oxi-redox) considerados mais relevantes para a avaliação do estado de oxigenação deste ecossistema aquático. Neste artigo apresenta-se uma síntese dos principais resultados obtidos ao longo dessas campanhas de monitorização, evidenciando aqueles que permitem identificar os trechos mais críticos no sentido de avaliar a sua correlação com a eventual presença de descargas de águas residuais e/ou pluviais não tratadas

    Modelação da qualidade da Água do Rio Ferreira : avaliação preliminar de riscos ambientais

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    A presente comunicação apresenta os resultados da aplicação de um modelo de qualidade da água no rio Ferreira. O estudo foi desenvolvido com base na plataforma AQUASIM e, após um processo de calibração com dados experimentais, foram simulados cenários prospectivos para analisar o impacte de condições hidrológicas extremas, designadamente períodos de estiagem. O modelo mostrou-se adequado perante esse tipo de fenómenos e permitiu avaliar, nessas condições, os riscos ambientais resultantes de descargas de águas residuais. Efectuou-se, ainda, uma análise de sensibilidade do modelo.Compagnie Générale des Eaux - Portugal.Câmara Municipal de Valongo

    Folic acid-tagged protein nanoemulsions loaded with CORM-2 enhance the survival of mice bearing subcutaneous A20 lymphoma tumors.

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    UNLABELLED: Folic Acid (FA)-tagged protein nanoemulsions were found to be preferentially internalized on B-cell lymphoma cell line (A20 cell line), which, for the first time, is reported to express folate receptor (FR)-alpha. Carbon monoxide releasing molecule-2 (CORM-2) was incorporated in the oil phase of the initial formulation. FA-functionalized nanoemulsions loaded with CORM-2 exhibited a considerable antitumor effect and an increased survival of BALB/c mice bearing subcutaneous A20 lymphoma tumors. The developed nanoemulsions also demonstrated to be well tolerated by these immunocompetent mice. Thus, the results obtained in this study demonstrate that FA-tagged protein nanoemulsions can be successfully used in cancer therapy, with the important ability to delivery drugs intracellularly. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR: In this research, the authors developed folic acid tagged nanoemulsions containing a carbon monoxide releasing protein molecule for targeted cancer cell treatment. In-vitro and in-vivo experiments showed efficacy against B-cell lymphoma cells. The same nanocarrier platform could be applied to other tumor cells expressing folate receptors on the cell surface.This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is avilable via Elsevier at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1549963415000726

    Alternative models for the calculation of the RMR and Q indexes for granite rock masses

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    Empirical classification systems like the RMR and Q are often used in current practice of geotechnical structures design built in rock masses. They allow obtaining an overall description of the rock mass and the calculation, through analytical solutions, of strength and deformability parameters which are determinant in design. To be applied these systems need a set of geomechanical information that may not be available or can be difficult to obtain. In this work it is intended to develop new alternative regression models for the calculation of the RMR and Q indexes using less data than the original formulations and keeping a high accuracy level. It is also intended to have an insight of which parameters are the most important for the prediction of the indexes and in the rock masses behaviour. This study was carried out applying Data Mining techniques to a database of the empirical classification systems applications in a granite rock mass. Data Mining is a relatively new area of computer science which concerns with automatically find, simplify and summarize patterns and relationships within large databases. The used Data Mining techniques were the multiple regression and artificial neural networks. The developed models are able to predict the two geomechanical indexes using less information that in the original formulations with a good predictive capacity.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) - projecto POCI/ECM/57495/2004 "Geotechnical Risk in Tunnels for High Speed Trains

    Image classification understanding with model inspector tool

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    This paper proposes a novel method called U Analysis for interpreting the behavior of image classification models. The method allows the evaluation of the interdependence between patches of information in an image and their impact on the model’s classification performance. In addition, the paper introduces the Model Inspector tool that allows users to manipulate various visual features of an input image to understand better the model’s robustness to different types of information. This work aims to provide a more comprehensive framework for model interpretation and help researchers and practitioners better understand the strengths and weaknesses of deep learning models in image classification. We perform experiments with CIFAR-10 and STL-10 datasets using the ResNet architecture. The findings show that ResNet model trained with CIFAR-10 and STL-10 presents counter-intuitive feature interdependence, which is seen as a weakness. This work can contribute to developing even more advanced tools for analyzing and understanding deep learning models.EC - European Commission(UIDB/00319/2020)Supported by the doctoral Grant PRT/BD/154311/2022 financed by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), and with funds from European Union, under MIT Portugal Progra

    Células de linhagem McCoy como um possível modelo contendo receptores CD4+ para estudos da replicação do HIV

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    Several studies have recently shown the use of recombinant rabies virus as potential vector-viral vaccine for HIV-1. The sequence homology between gp 120 and rabies virus glycoprotein has been reported. The McCoy cell line has therefore been used to show CD4+ or CD4+ like receptors. Samples of HIV-1 were isolated, when plasma of HIV-1 positive patients was inoculated in the McCoy cell line. The virus infection was then studied during successive virus passages. The proteins released in the extra cellular medium were checked for protein activity, by exposure to SDS Electrophoresis and blotting to nitro-cellulose filter, then reacting with sera of HIV positive and negative patients. Successive passages were performed, and showed viral replication, membrane permeabilization, the syncytium formation, and the cellular lysis (cytopathic effect). Flow cytometry analysis shows clear evidence that CD4+ receptors are present in this cell line, which enhances the likelihood of easy isolation and replication of HIV. The results observed allow the use of this cell line as a possible model for isolating HIV, as well as for carrying out studies of the dynamics of viral infection in several situations, including exposure to drugs in pharmacological studies, and possibly studies and analyses of the immune response in vaccine therapies.Recentes estudos demonstraram o uso do vírus raiva como modelo vetor para produzir vacinas expressando as glicoproteínas do vírus HIV-1. A homologia na seqüência entre gp120 do vírus HIV-1 e a glicoproteína G do vírus rábico já foi previamente relatada. Devido a estes fatos a linhagem de célula McCoy utilizada com sucesso para a replicação do vírus rábico foi utilizada para demonstrar a replicação do HIV-1. Amostra de HIV-1 foi isolada de plasma de um paciente soro positivo e inoculada em células de linhagem McCoy e então a infecção viral foi estudada em passagens sucessivas do vírus nesta célula. As proteínas liberadas no meio extra celular foram analisadas quanto a atividade biológica pela técnica de eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida e imunotransferência em membrana de nitro-celulose reagindo com soros positivos para HIV-1 e soros de pacientes negativos. As passagens sucessivas do HIV-1 em células demonstraram a replicação viral, o aumento da permeabilidade da membrana citoplasmática, a formação de sinsício e lise celular. Análises com citometria de fluxo mostraram com clara evidência a presença de receptores CD4+ o que possivelmente deve ser a causa que possibilita a facilidade do isolamento e replicação do vírus HIV-1 nesta célula. Concluindo os resultados observados permitem utilizar esta linhagem celular como um possível modelo para isolamentos de HIV, bem como realizar estudos da dinâmica de infecção viral em diversas situações inclusive de exposição a drogas em estudos farmacológicos, e talvez estudos e análises da resposta imune em terapias vacinais

    Delivery of cytarabine by pegylated liposomes for efficient, long-term anticancer effects

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    The cytosine arabinoside cytarabine is an effective marine-derived antineoplastic agent for the treatment of acute myelogrnous and lymphocytic leukemias. As this nucleoside antimetabolite is an S-phase-specific drug, prolonged exposure of cells to toxic concentrations is critical to achieve maximum biological effect. The activity of cytarabine is nevertheless decreased by its rapid deamination to the biologically inactive metabolite uracil arabinoside. This rapid degradation process is the reason for the ongoing search for efficient formulations and derivatives of cytarabine that cannot be deaminated and exhibited better pharmacokinetic parameters. In the present study, pegylated liposomes were modified for intended prolonged delivery of cytarabine and tested for improved cytotoxic and cytostatic effect in different human cancer lines

    Answer Set Programming for Non-Stationary Markov Decision Processes

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    Non-stationary domains, where unforeseen changes happen, present a challenge for agents to find an optimal policy for a sequential decision making problem. This work investigates a solution to this problem that combines Markov Decision Processes (MDP) and Reinforcement Learning (RL) with Answer Set Programming (ASP) in a method we call ASP(RL). In this method, Answer Set Programming is used to find the possible trajectories of an MDP, from where Reinforcement Learning is applied to learn the optimal policy of the problem. Results show that ASP(RL) is capable of efficiently finding the optimal solution of an MDP representing non-stationary domains
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