O fenómeno da contrafação: prevalência e perceção

Projeto de Graduação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Licenciada em CriminologiaAinda que a contrafação represente um dos maiores desafios atuais à economia, constitui também um grande e possível perigo para a saúde pública e para a segurança dos consumidores, o qual se mantém impercetível, na maior parte das vezes. O seu crescimento aliado ao desconhecimento da população acerca da sua total extensão evidenciam a pertinência e a necessidade de analisar este fenómeno através de uma abordagem profunda e multidisciplinar. Deste modo, o presente projeto tem como objetivo retratar o fenómeno da contrafação, incluindo não só a sua vertente económico-financeira, mas também os aspetos relativos à saúde pública e à segurança, a partir da revisão de literatura. Para esse efeito, propor-se-á a análise dos ilícitos contraordenacionais e criminais cometidos na área de atuação da Unidade Operacional I da Autoridade de Segurança Alimentar e Económica, assim como a administração de um questionário a fim de capturar a perceção da população no que concerne a esta problemática. Assim, pode concluir-se a respeito de aspetos que se relacionam com esta realidade a evidente necessidade de um estudo aprofundado desta temática, na busca de uma melhor compreensão do fenómeno para a sua mais eficaz prevenção e repressão.While counterfeiting represents one of the biggest challenges facing the economy, it is also a serious and possible danger to public health and to the safety of consumers, which remains unnoticeable, most of the time. The lack of knowledge of the population about its total extension, as well as its growth, evidences the relevance and the need to analyse this phenomenon through a deep and multidisciplinary approach. Thereby, this project aims to address the phenomenon of counterfeiting, including not only its economic and financial aspects but also its public health and security features, from a literature review. For that purpose, it will be proposed the analysis of the criminal offences committed in the area of expertise of the Unidade Operacional I of the Autoridade de Segurança Alimentar Económica, as well as the application of a questionnaire in order to capture the population’s perception regarding this subject. Thus, it can be concluded about aspects that relate to this reality the manifest need for an in-depth study of this matter, in the search for a better understanding of the phenomenon for its most effective prevention and repression.N/

Enhancing informal learning through videoconferencing and knowledge maps

The development of new technologies and the open content movement have been opening up new opportunities for online informal learning. The Internet, “as a new publishing medium”, is proving its users a considerable increase in access and circulation of knowledge and offering a new world of learning to those outside the academic realm (Willinsky, 2006:33). The free access to open educational resources, online libraries, public repositories, freeware tools and open communities allow people interact and learn together than ever before (Eisenstadt and Vincent,1998; Anderson, 2007). However, the simple access to information does not necessarily results in acquisition of knowledge and development of skills (Rogers, 1995; Nonaka & Takeuchi, 1995; Salwen & Sacks, 1997). In order to learn effectively, students need to be engaged in higher order thinking which operates beyond mere exposure to factual or theoretical information (Jonassen, Beissner and Yacci, 1993). This initial work presents the uses of knowledge maps and videoconferencing to enhance informal learning. We analyse the role of such maps created in Compendium and web videoconferencing through FlashMeeting for learning communities. In this study, which is part of a research in development, we investigate the uses of two freeware tools offered by the OpenLearn Project (OU-UK), Compendium for knowledge mapping and FlashMeeting for videoconferencing (Okada et all, 2007). Our research questions focuses on how these tools can be used to enhance informal learning in online communities. How can knowledge maps and video web conference be used to support critical reflections and engage people in self-directed learning? In the OpenLearn project developed by the Open University and launched in October 2006, we analyse the community COLEARN Comunidade de Pesquisadores da Lingua Portuguesa whose participants are professors, researchers and academic students. Based on qualitative analysis of their knowledge maps and video webconference we point out some applications of these technologies to facilitate informal learning

El valor económico del portugués: lengua de conocimiento con influencia global

Este ARI examina la incorporación del portugués a las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación y estima su potencial económico. Apoyado en una amplia base demográfica y en un rico acervo cultural y educativo, el portugués goza de una gran difusión internacional y cuenta con una significativa, aunque desigual, presencia en las redes globales del conocimiento. Este análisis examina la incorporación del portugués a las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación y estima su potencial económico como lengua internacional, basado en la trayectoria emergente de los países lusófonos más importantes

Corporate Social Responsibility and Social Economy: an interaction towards sustainability

Corporate Social Responsibility is an undisputed part of business discourse and, at cases, pragmatic action. Since the 1950s, vast amounts of literature, theories and propositions have been posited but they are mainly concerned with business: what it stands to gain or loose; how it should act, if it should act at all; who should play a role in the process and how; what values and ethical principles should it follow. These and other questions are all asked from a company's viewing point, but we propose a different perspective. Knowing that companies often find in not for profits1 a vehicle for their Corporate Social Responsibility actions, how can these charitable entities organize themselves in order to benefit from responsible business? We propose that not for profits can be proactive partners, in a win-win relationship that may provide them with much needed resources, especially at a time of receding welfare state and mounting social vulnerabilities. In this paper, we intend to demonstrate that Corporate Social Responsibility's body of knowledge already discusses some tools that may be used in this shifted viewing point. They need only be adapted to allow for this new approach to emerge.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Effects of carbon source, carbon concentration and culture conditions on in vitro rooting of Pinus pinea L. microshoots

In stone pine (Pinus pinea L.), clonal propagation via adventitious shoot formation from cotyledons has been reported before but rooting of these shoots is poor. The number of rooted shoots had low frequency limiting the used of micropropagation protocols as a choice for mass propagation of superior genotypes. Therefore the main objective of the present work was to increase the number and quality of roots per shoot in order to ensure the survival and growth of a great number of plants in the acclimation phase. To achieve this, different combinations of carbon source (sucrose or glucose) at different concentrations, under different environmental conditions (temperature and light), were tested in the induction and expression phases of the adventitious root formation. Shoots of different clones obtained via organogenesis have been employed for the experiments. Observations were made on the rooting percentage, root length and number of roots per shoot. The results showed a general increased of the number of roots per shoot and an earlier root formation when glucose was used as a carbon source. However, there were no differences in the percentage of rooting between the carbons sources tested. The best results were obtained using 0.117 M of glucose and dark treatment combined with 19°C during the induction phase of the rhizogenic process. Light and low sugar concentration proved to be beneficial for the expression phase, increasing the root length. A remarkable interclonal difference in the ability to form roots was observed. It was possible to obtain a rooting percentage of more than 75% in several of the tested clones

GC-EIMS: a fast tool for the identification of organic acid derivatives from the bulbs of Autonoë madeirensis (MENEZES) SPETA

Comunicação oral na forma de painelAutonoë madeirensis (MENEZES) SPETA [1] (Scilla madeirensis MENEZES) is a Hyacinthaceae endemic from the Madeira Archipelago (Portugal). Previous pharmacological studies indicated the presence of compounds with positive inotropic activity in extracts of this species [2]. Included in the systematic phytochemical study of the bulbs [3, 4], we decided to use Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry for the identification of known and wide spread natural compounds such as organic and phenolic acid derivatives. Fresh bulbs were sliced and extracted with ethanol, the residue dissolved in hot water and submitted to liquid-liquid partition with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. The ethyl acetate fraction was then screened by GC-EIMS on a HP5 capillary column (30 m x 0.25 mm x 0.25 m, He as carrier gas), with the temperature program: 150 ºC for 1 min, 150 ºC 300 ºC at 5 ºC/min, 300 ºC for 5 min. Based on retention times (tR) and MS fragmentation patterns it was possible to undoubtedly identify organic acid derivatives such as ethyl, isopropyl and butyl esters of fatty acids, citric (1) triethyl and monoethyl esters, p-coumaric (2) and ferulic (3) methyl esters, among others. These results reinforce our conviction that GC-EIMS is a fast, simple and accurate method for the identification of known natural compounds in non polar mixtures, saving time and money in the long and expensive process of isolation and structure identification of pure compounds. References: 1.Speta, F. (1998) Phyton 38 (1): 1-141. 2.Dias, C., Graça, J.A.B., Gonçalves, M.L. (2000) J. Ethnopharmacology (in press). 3.Dias, C., Nascimento, J., Houghton, P. (1999) A new pyrimidine derivative from the bulbs of Scilla maderensis. Book of Abstracts 2000 Years of Natural Products Research - Past, Present and Future. Amsterdam, July 26-30. 4.Dias, C., Vasconcelos, P., Nascimento, J. (1999) Identification of fatty acids from the bulbs of Scilla maderensis. Book of Abstracts 2000 Years of Natural Products Research - Past, Present and Future. Amsterdam, July 26-30.This research was supported by the CECF, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbo

The invisible factors that can make the difference. Language management and knowledge transfer in multinational sites

The knowledge-based society we live in has stressed the importance of human capital and brought talent to the top of most wanted skills, especially to companies who want to succeed in turbulent environments worldwide. In fact, streams, sequences of decisions and resource commitments characterize the day-to-day of multinational companies (MNCs). Such decision-making activities encompass major strategic moves like internationalization and new market entries or diversification and acquisitions. In most companies, these strategic decisions are extensively discussed and debated and are generally framed, formulated, and articulated in specialized language often developed by the best minds in the company. Yet the language used in such deliberations, in detailing and enacting the implementation strategy is usually taken for granted and receives little if any explicit attention (Brannen & Doz, 2012) an can still be a “forgotten factor” (Marschan et al. 1997). Literature on language management and international business refers to lack of awareness of business managers of the impact that language can have not only in communication effectiveness but especially in knowledge transfer and knowledge management in business environments. In the context of MNCs, management is, for many different reasons, more complex and demanding than that of a national company, mainly because of diversity factors inherent to internationalization, namely geographical and cultural spaces, i.e, varied mindsets. Moreover, the way of functioning, and managing language, of the MNC depends on its vision, its values and its internationalization model, i.e on in the way the MNE adapts to and controls the new markets, which can vary essentially from a more ethnocentric to a more pluricentric focus. Regardless of the internationalization model followed by the MNC, communication between different business units is essential to achieve unity in diversity and business sustainability. For the business flow and prosperity, inter-subsidiary, intra-company and company-client (customers, suppliers, governments, municipalities, etc..) communication must work in various directions and levels of the organization. If not well managed, this diversity can be a barrier to global coordination and create turbulent environments, even if a good technological support is available (Feely et al., 2002: 4). According to Marchan-Piekkari (1999) the tongue can be both (i) a barrier, (ii) a facilitator and (iii) a source of power. Moreover, the lack of preparation for the barriers of linguistic diversity can lead to various costs, including negotiations’ failure and failure on internationalization.. On the other hand, communication and language fluency is not just a message transfer procedure, but above all a knowledge transfer process, which requires extra-linguistic skills (persuasion, assertiveness …) in order to promote credibility of both parties. For this reason, MNCs need a common code to communicate and trade information inside and outside the company, which will require one or more strategies, in order to overcome possible barriers and organization distortions

Análise de programas de cálculo para estruturas de alvenaria resistente

A alvenaria como a técnica construtiva mais antiga da história da humanidade, tende a ressurgir após um período de domínio do aço e betão que levou à estagnação da sua utilização na construção civil. A investigação nesta área tem permitido caracterizar convenientemente, quer em termos mecânicos, quer funcionais, este tipo de solução estrutural, desenvolver novos materiais e novas técnicas construtivas. Neste artigo apresenta-se um estudo realizado sobre as metodologias de dimensionamento de uma selecção de programas de cálculo automático existentes no mercado para estruturas em alvenaria resistente não armada, permitindo deste modo avaliar a viabilidade da sua aplicação nacionalmente

The invisible factors that can make the difference: language management and knowledge transfer in multinational sites

The knowledge-based society we live in has stressed the importance of human capital and brought talent to the top of most wanted skills, especially for companies who want to succeed in turbulent environments worldwide. In fact, streams, sequences of decisions and resource commitments characterize the day- to-day of multinational companies (MNCs) and internationalized companies. In most companies, strategic decisions are extensively discussed and are generally formulated and articulated in specialized language often developed by the best minds in the company. Yet the language used in such deliberations is usually taken for granted and receives little attention, being often managed ad hoc. With this paper we intend to discuss some strategies that are commonly used by companies and refer some actions that can boost talent and improve language performance, in certain international communication contexts, with little investmentN/

Elevada diferenciación genética y ausencia de hibridación entre cuatro especies de lapas (Patella spp.) revelada por loci aloenzimáticos

The occurrence of hybridisation between limpet species of the genus Patella has always been a contentious issue. Although a previous allozyme study reported high differentiation and no hybridisation between Patella vulgata Linnaeus, 1758, Patella depressa Pennant, 1777 and Patella ulyssiponensis Gmelin, 1791 along English shores, the recent finding of an mtDNA haplotype of P. depressa in a P. vulgata individual raised new doubts on this issue. To further study the possibility of hybridisation between limpet species and their level of genetic differentiation, ten allozyme loci were screened using starch gel electrophoresis for P. ulyssiponensis, P. depressa, P. vulgata and Patella rustica Linnaeus, 1758, from the Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula. Our results show high differentiation between species, which could be clearly separated into different clusters with a Bayesian clustering algorithm. No significant signs of hybridisation were detected between any of the four species. Thus, the hypothesis of hybridisation between P. vulgata and P. depressa across their sympatric distribution is not supported. Two sympatric clusters were recovered within P. vulgata that could be related to Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium found in locus MPI. Finally, due to the high level of intraspecific variability, the studied loci are interesting tools for the analysis of population structure and stock identification.La hibridación entre distintas especies de lapas del género Patella siempre ha sido un tema polémico. Aunque un estudio anterior de aloenzimas presenta una elevada diferenciación y ausencia de hibridación entre Patella vulgata Linnaeus, 1758, Patella depressa Pennant, 1777 y Patella ulyssiponensis Gmelin, 1791 en la costa inglesa, el reciente descubrimiento de un individuo de P. vulgata con un haplotipo mitocondrial de P. depressa ha planteado nuevas dudas respecto a este tema. Para estudiar más detalladamente la posibilidad de hibridación entre especies de lapas y su diferenciación genética se han analizado 10 loci aloenzimáticos por electroforesis en gel de almidón, en muestras de P. ulyssiponensis, P. depressa, P. vulgata y Patella rustica Linnaeus, 1758, de la costa atlántica de la península Ibérica. Los resultados así obtenidos evidencian la gran diferenciación existente entre especies, las cuales se separan claramente en distintos grupos con un algoritmo de agrupamiento Bayesiano. La ausencia de evidencias significativas de hibridación entre cualquiera de las cuatro especies estudiadas no permite respaldar la hipótesis de hibridación entre P. depressa y P. vulgata en su área de simpatría. La identificación de dos grupos simpátricos en P. vulgata puede estar relacionada con el desequilibrio de Hardi-Weinberg en el locus MPI. La elevada variabilidad intra-específica exhibida por los loci analizados puede convertirlos en herramientas de elevado interés para el análisis de la estructura poblacional y la identificación de reservorios