Apport du dosage de l hormone anti-müllerienne, de l inhibine B et des gonadotrophines ultrasensibles dans le déficit en gonadotrophines chez le garçon

PARIS7-Xavier Bichat (751182101) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Flow diagram of the selection process used in this study.

<p>The search was conducted on 15 September 2014. Merging the search results gave a total of 41 clinical trials investigating the efficacy or safety of snake antivenoms, of which four were active. A total of 36 different antivenoms were investigated (see <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003896#pntd.0003896.t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>). Based on the trial design (Phase I to IV), ten products were considered still “under development,” although development appears to have stalled for most of them. Our search strategy appears robust; a report conducted in 2010 identified a total of 43 randomized controlled trials on snakebite envenoming, 28 of which investigated antivenom properties [<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003896#pntd.0003896.ref011" target="_blank">11</a>]. We retrieved all except two of these trials [<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003896#pntd.0003896.ref012" target="_blank">12</a>,<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003896#pntd.0003896.ref051" target="_blank">51</a>]; the discrepancy could be due to differences in the criteria used to define clinical trials.</p

List of antivenoms investigated in clinical trials published in peer-reviewed journals or on public registries.

<p>¹ Not all publications mentioned the trial phase, and development status was established based on trial design, primary objectives, and number of subjects. This classification, though, bears some limitations, especially with regards to snake antivenoms development, in which Phase I with healthy volunteers are generally not conducted.</p><p>List of antivenoms investigated in clinical trials published in peer-reviewed journals or on public registries.</p

Available snake antivenom products in sub-Saharan Africa, as of September 2014.

<p>Available snake antivenom products in sub-Saharan Africa, as of September 2014.</p

Highly targeted cholera vaccination campaigns in urban setting are feasible: The experience in Kalemie, Democratic Republic of Congo.

Oral cholera vaccines are primarily recommended by the World Health Organization for cholera control in endemic countries. However, the number of cholera vaccines currently produced is very limited and examples of OCV use in endemic countries, and especially in urban settings, are scarce. A vaccination campaign was organized by Médecins Sans Frontières and the Ministry of Health in a highly endemic area in the Democratic Republic of Congo. This study aims to describe the vaccine coverage achieved with this highly targeted vaccination campaign and the acceptability among the vaccinated communities.We performed a cross-sectional survey using random spatial sampling. The study population included individuals one year old and above, eligible for vaccination, and residing in the areas targeted for vaccination in the city of Kalemie. Data sources were household interviews with verification by vaccination card. In total 2,488 people were included in the survey. Overall, 81.9% (95%CI: 77.9-85.3) of the target population received at least one dose of vaccine. The vaccine coverage with two doses was 67.2% (95%CI: 61.9-72.0) among the target population. The vaccine coverage was higher during the first round (74.0, 95%CI: 69.3-78.3) than during the second round of vaccination (69.1%, 95%CI: 63.9-74.0). Vaccination coverage was lower in male adults. The main reason for non-vaccination was to be absent during the campaign. No severe adverse events were notified during the interviews.Cholera vaccination campaigns using highly targeted strategies are feasible in urban settings. High vaccination coverage can be obtained using door to door vaccination. However, alternative strategies should be considered to reach non-vaccinated populations like male adults and also in order to improve the efficiency of the interventions