Evaluation of modified montmorillonites in poultry diets

The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file.Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on January 30, 2007)Includes bibliographical references.Vita.Thesis (Ph. D.) University of Missouri-Columbia 2007.Dissertations, Academic -- University of Missouri--Columbia -- Animal sciences.The present work was conducted to determine if modification of MONTs with Cu and Zn would enhance the protection of broiler chicks against the adverse effects of AF, and to determine if the modified MONTs would be bioavailable mineral sources. Cu-MONT ameliorated the growth depressing effects of AF, and the deleterious effects of AF on relative organ weights. Results suggest that Cu-MONT was partially effective in ameliorating the toxic effects of AF in broilers. Copper from Cu-MONT was determined to be less available than Cu from Mintrex®Cu and copper sulfate. Serbia Zn-MONT and Zn-IMTX ameliorated the growth depressing effects of AF, and Zn-IMTX also reduced the negative effects of AF on liver weights. Results suggest that birds supplemented with Zn-IMTX were better protected against the toxic effects of AF compared to birds supplemented with Serbia Zn-MONT. Zinc from Serbia Zn-MONT was more available than Zn from Zn-IMTX, but was equally available as Zn from Mintrex®Zn. Zinc from all three sources was equally available as Zn from zinc sulfate. Results suggest that modified MONTs protected poultry against the negative effects of AF to different degrees. Results also indicated that Cu-MONT is not a source of bioavailable Cu comparable to copper sulfate; however Serbia Zn-MONT is a source of bioavailable Zn comparable to zinc sulfate

Fumonisin B1 effects on laying japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da fumonisina B1 (FB1) sobre a produtividade e a qualidade dos ovos de codornas em início de postura. Para esse fim, 128 aves de 7 semanas de idade foram aleatoriamente distribuídas em quatro grupos experimentais (32 aves por grupo), tendo sido administrada ração contendo 0 (controle), 10, 50 e 250 mg de FB1/kg, durante 28 dias. Cada tratamento esteve constituído por quatro replicatas de oito codornas. A produção e o peso dos ovos foram avaliados diariamente. O consumo de ração e a conversão alimentar foram mensurados semanalmente. Os ovos produzidos no último dia de cada período de 7 dias foram coletados e submetidos à analise individual de densidade, unidade Haugh e percentual de peso da casca em relação ao peso total do ovo. No vigésimo oitavo dia experimental, foram coletadas amostras de sangue para análise de perfil de função hepática (proteína total, albumina, AST, GGT e ácido úrico) e hemograma. Dezesseis aves de cada tratamento foram sacrificadas por deslocamento cervical, e os fígados, rins e coração foram removidos, pesados e submetidos à análise histopatotológica. Comparado com os grupos controles, as codornas alimentadas com ração contendo concentração >= 50 mg de FB1/kg reduziram (p 0,05) pela FB1. O peso das cascas dos ovos diminuiu (p = 50 mg de FB1/kg na dieta. Entretanto, o percentual de casca não foi afetado pela FB1. Comparados com os grupos controle, os tratamentos que receberam concentração >= 50 mg de FB1/kg na dieta apresentaram maior (p 0,05) pela FB1. Comparando-se com o controle, as aves que receberam concentração de 250 mg de FB1/kg na dieta apresentaram redução (p 0,05) pela FB1. Com exceção do número de leucócitos aumentado no tratamento 10 mg de FB1/kg de ração (p 0,05). O valor de AST para o tratamento 250 mg de FB1/kg de ração encontrou-se aumentado (p 0,05). Com relação aos achados histopatológicos, não houve diferença entre os tratamentos, em tecido hepático, renal e miocárdio, comparando-se com o grupo controle. Esses resultados sugerem que codornas são sensíveis aos efeitos tóxicos da FB1, em níveis que foram descritos como sendo de ocorrência natural, em condições de campo. Os dados indicaram que a exposição a FB1 em níveis >=50 mg de FB1/kg podem afetar adversamente o desempenho de codornas, o que enfatiza a importância do controle da contaminação por FB1 nas rações de codornas.A 28-d experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of fumonisin B1 (FB1) on egg production and egg quality of young laying Japanese quail fed contaminated rations. To this end, 128 7-wk-old birds were randomly distributed into four experimental groups (32 birds per group) and given rations containing 0 (controls), 10, 50 and 250 mg FB1/ kg feed. Each treatment consisted of four replicates of eight quail. Egg production and egg weights were checked daily. Feed consumption and feed use were determinated weekly. Eggs laid in the last day of each 7-d period were collected and subjected to individual analysis for specific gravity, Haugh units and percentage eggshells. On day 28, 12 quail from each treatment (4 replicates of 3 birds each) were bled by cardiac puncture and samples used for serum chemistry analyses (total protein, albumin, AST, GGT, and uric acid). Sixteen quail from each treatment were sacrificed by cervical dislocation, and liver, kidney, and heart were removed, weighed and collected for histopathological examination. Compared with controls, quail fed >= 50 mg FB1/ kg had reduced (p 0.05) by FB1. Eggshell weight was reduced (p = 50 mg FB1/ kg. However, percentage eggshell was not affected by FB1. Compared with controls, quail fed >= 50 mg FB1/ kg had increased (p 0.05) by FB1. Compared with controls, birds fed 250 mg FB1/ kg diet had reduced (p 0.05) but on hematocrits. Despite the icreased (p 0.05). Compared with controls, AST concentrations were higher (p = 50 mg/ kg could adversely affect quail performance, emphasizing the importance of controlling fumonisin contamination in quail rations

Effects of Fumonisin B1 on Hematology and Serum Biochemistry of Laying Japanese Quail, Coturnix japonica

A 28-d experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of fumonisin B1 (FB1) on hematological and serum biochemical parameters of young laying Japanese quail fed fumonisin contaminated rations. To this end, 128 7-wk-old birds were randomly distributed into four experimental groups (32 birds per group) and fed rations containing 0 (control), 10, 50 or 250mg FB1/kg feed. Each treatment consisted of four replicates of eight quail. At the end of the trial, blood samples from 12 birds per treatment were collected and submitted to analysis. Compared with controls, quail fed 250mg FB1/kg for 28 days had reduced (P<0.05) red blood cell counts and hematocrit values. No differences (P>0.05) were found among leukocyte counts obtained in control birds and FB1-treated groups, and a lower percentage of lymphocytes (P<0.05) was observed in birds fed 50 and 250mg FB1/kg. Serum protein, albumin, γ glutamyl transferase and uric acid were similar (P>0.05) among the treatments studied. Aspartate aminotransferase concentrations were higher (P<0.05) for birds receiving 10, 50 and 250mg AFB1/kg, when compared to the control group. Results indicated that FB1 at levels≥10mg/kg is toxic in young laying quail, emphasizing the importance of controlling fumonisin contamination of quail rations

Preparation and characterization of zinc-exchanged montmorillonite and its effectiveness as aflatoxin B-1 adsorbent

A zinc-exchanged montmorillonite (Zn-MONT) was prepared from a natural montmorillonite (MONT) and the adsorption of aflatoxin B-1 (AFB(1)) was investigated at pH 3 and 7. Characterization of Zn-MONT was done by determination of chemical composition, the point of the zero charge (pH(pzc)), thermal (DTA/TGA/DTG) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) analysis. Adsorption of AFB(1) (C-0 = 4 ppm) by Zn-MONT, at different solid/liquid ratios (10, 1 and 0.5 g L-1), at pH 3 or 7, showed that its adsorption was high (over 96%) and independent of pH, similar to MONT. No desorption of AFB(1) from MONT-AFB(1) and Zn-MONT-AFB(1) complexes occurred at pH 6.5, suggesting strong binding of AFB(1) by both adsorbents. Furthermore, AFB(1) adsorption by Zn-MONT followed a nonlinear (Langmuir) type of isotherm at pH 3 with a calculated maximum capacity of 60.17 mg g(-1). The stability of MONT-AFB(1) and Zn-MONT-AFB(1) complexes was evaluated by calculating the binding energies between AFB(1) and metal cations using quantum chemical methods. The evaluated interaction energies of AFB(1) with hydrated Zn2+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ cations showed that the strongest interaction was the interaction of the Zn2+ system, -70.2 kcal mol(-1), whereas energies for Mg-2 and Ca2+ systems were -68.8 and -62.9 kcal mol(-1), respectively. The results indicate that Zn-MONT can be suitable for potential practical application as both, an antibacterial and an aflatoxin binding agent. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Alterações hepáticas em codornas japonesas submetidas à intoxicação prolongada por aflatoxina B1 Hepatic changes in japanese quail after long term intoxication by aflatoxin B1

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar os efeitos da aflatoxina B1 (AFB1) sobre as vísceras (fígado, baço e moela) de codornas poedeiras japonesas, em condições de exposição a baixas doses, tendo em vista que são poucos os dados de toxicidade de longa duração nesta espécie. Assim, foram constituídos 4 grupos formados, cada um, por 6 codornas de linhagem comercial, as quais receberam rações contendo AFB1 nas concentrações de 0 (controle), 25, 50 e 100mg.kg-1, durante 168 dias. As aves do grupo 100mg kg_1 apresentaram fígados com peso relativo médio menor (p < 0,05) do que o controle. Alterações histológicas foram constatadas apenas no fígado, sendo que todas as amostras provenientes das codornas intoxicadas apresentaram degeneração vacuolar macrogoticular, sugestivas de metamorfose gordurosa moderada a severa, particularmente nos grupos que receberam ração com os maiores níveis de AFB1 (50 e 100mg.kg-1). A hiperplasia de ductos biliares foi observada somente no grupo alimentado com 100mg.kg-1. Os resultados indicaram que a AFB1, a partir de 50mg.kg-1, pode ocasionar lesões hepáticas significativas em codornas de postura, em condições de exposição prolongada.<br>The aim of the present record was to study the effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on selected viscera (liver, spleen and gizzard) of laying Japanese quail under conditions of low level exposure, in view of the little information regarding the long term toxicity on this specie. Thus, four experimental groups of six commercial quails were constituted and given rations containing either 0 (controls), 25, 50 or 100mg aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)/kg feed, during 168 days. When compared to controls, birds from group 100mg.kg-1 presented low relative liver weight (p < 0.05). Histological changes were observed only in the livers, and all samples from quail exposed to AFB1 revealed moderate to severe hepatic cell vacuolation with fatty change, particularly in birds from groups receiving highest levels of toxin (50 and 100mg.kg-1). Bile duct hyperplasia occurred only in the birds exposed to 100mg.kg-1 of AFB1. The results indicated that long term administration of AFB1 at levels above 50mg.kg-1 can cause significant hepatic lesions in Japanese quail