How Yiddish Polonisms may uncover Iranian, Turkic and other Asian speech in the White Croat State in Galicia

Govorci jidiša so kot trgovci na Svilni poti med 9. in 13. stoletjem prevzeli kakšnih pet tisoč afrazijskih, zlasti perzijskih jezikovnih posebnosti. Na Poljskem so se judovski govorci, ki so bili predvsem iranskega izvora, najprej naselili blizu ali znotraj galicijske Bele Hrvaške, ki je razpadla do 10. stoletja. Veliko nezapisanih iranskih in turkotatarskih vplivov v poljskem jidišu so nato prekrili polonizmi, ki v obliki in pomenu spominjajo na prvotno iransko in turkotatarsko izrazje. Članek se trudi raziskati, koliko polonizmov v poljskem in ukrajinskem jidišu (pravzaprav ‘prikritih irano-turcizmov’) lahko obnovi podobo izumrle iranščine in turkotatarščine, govorjene na slovanskih in germanskih tleh. Druge možnosti za zdaj ni. As traders on the Silk Roads from the 9–13th centuries, Yiddish speakers acquired about 5,000 Afro-Asian, mainly Persian, linguistic components. In Poland, these Jews, largely of Iranian origin themselves, first settled in or near the Galician White Croat State, which disappeared by the 10th century. As unwritten Iranian and Turkic became obsolete, many such influences, also found in Polish Yiddish, came to be replaced by Polonisms, that resembled the original Iranian and Turkic terms in form and meaning. The present paper will explore how many Polonisms in Polish and Ukrainian Yiddish (essentially “covert Irano Turkisms”) can reconstruct aspects of the extinct Iranian and Turkic once spoken in Slavic and German territories. So far, there is no other means available to us to accomplish this task

Why There May Have Been Contacts between Slovenes and Jews before 1000 A.D.

Običajno se domneva, da so se Židje do konca prvega tisočletja selili iz Sredozemlja prek severne Francije in Italije na Bavarsko in v Porenje. Judaizirana nemška narečja (znana kot jidiš) naj bi se oblikovala, ko so ti romansko govoreči Židje prevzeli nemška narečja. Tako se jidiš običajno pojmuje kot judaizirana oblika visokonemških narečij. V prispevku je pokazano, kako jezikoslovni dokazi omogočajo vzpostavitev nove teorije o selitvi Židov (tako palestinskih emigrantov kot domorodnih evropskih spreobrnjencev), namreč da so sedo poznega prvega tisočletja n.š. prek Balkana selili na dvojezična lužiškosrbsko govoreča ozemlja. S tega stališča bi morali jidiš oblikovati balkanski židovski emigranti, ki so govorili enega ali več balkanskih jezikov: romansko, grško in/ali južnoslovansko. V nasprotju z običajnim pojmovanjem je na jidiš najbolje gledati kot na narečje lužiščine, ki je bilo naposled preleksikalizirano s srednjevisokonemškim besedjem (kar je na koncu imelo za posledico slovanski jezik s prevladujočim nemškim besediščem). Prispevek poudarja dokaze, ki izhajajo s slovenskega ozemlja. ENGLISH: The traditional view of Jewish settlement history in Europe posits migrations from the Mediterranean region through northern France and Italy into Bavaria and the Rhineland by the end of the first millennium. The Judaized dialects of German (known as Yiddish) were allegedly created when these Romance-speaking Jews switched toregional German dialects. Yiddish has traditionally been defined asa Judaized form of High German dialects. This paper will demonstrate how linguistic evidence allows us to postulate an innovative theory about the migration of Jews (both Palestinian emigres and indigenous European converts) -- namely, through the Balkans into the bilingual Sorbo-German lands by the late first millennium A.D. In this view, Yiddish was created by Balkan Jewish emigres speaking one or more Balkan languages: Romance, Greek and/or South Slavic. Contrary to the common view, Yiddish is best seen as a dialect of Sorbian which eventually became relexified to Middle High German (thus resulting in a Slavic language with an overwhelming German vocabulary). The article specifically emphasizes evidence from the Slovene territory

Localizing Ashkenazic Jews to Primeval Villages in the Ancient Iranian Lands of Ashkenaz

TheYiddishlanguageisover1,000yearsoldandincorporatesGerman,Slavic,andHebrewelements.TheprevalentviewclaimsYiddish hasaGermanorigin,whereastheopposingviewpositsaSlavicoriginwithstrongIranianandweakTurkicsubstrata.Oneofthemajor difficulties in deciding between these hypotheses is the unknown geographical origin of Yiddish speaking Ashkenazic Jews (AJs). An analysis of 393 Ashkenazic, Iranian, and mountain Jews and over 600 non-Jewish genomes demonstrated that Greeks, Romans, Iranians,andTurksexhibitthehighestgeneticsimilaritywithAJs.TheGeographicPopulationStructureanalysislocalizedmostAJsalong major primeval trade routes in northeastern Turkey adjacent to primeval villages with names that may be derived from “Ashkenaz.” IranianandmountainJewswerelocalizedalongtraderoutesontheTurkey’seasternborder.Lossofmaternalhaplogroupswasevident in non-Yiddish speaking AJs. Our results suggest that AJs originated from a Slavo-Iranian confederation, which the Jews call “Ashkenazic” (i.e., “Scythian”), though these Jews probably spoke Persian and/or Ossete. This is compatible with linguistic evidence suggesting that Yiddish is a Slavic language created by Irano-Turko-Slavic Jewish merchants along the Silk Roads as a cryptic trade language, spoken only by its originators to gain an advantage in trade. Later, in the 9th century, Yiddish underwent relexification by adoptinganewvocabularythatconsistsofaminorityofGermanandHebrewandamajorityofnewlycoinedGermanoidandHebroid elements that replaced most of the original Eastern Slavic and Sorbian vocabularies, while keeping the original grammars intact

Alignment of Carbon Nanotube Additives for Improved Performance of Magnesium Diboride Superconductors

The rapid progress on MgB2 superconductor since its discovery[1] has made this material a strong competitor to low and high temperature superconductors (HTS) for applications with a great potential to catch the niche market such as in magnetic resonant imaging (MRI). Thanks to the lack of weak links and the two-gap superconductivity of MgB2 [2,3] a number of additives have been successfully used to enhance the critical current density, Jc and the upper critical field, Hc2.[4-12] Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have unusually electrical, mechanical and thermal properties[13-16] and hence is an ideal component to fabricate composites for improving their performance. To take advantages of the extraordinary properties of CNTs it is important to align CNTs in the composites. Here we report a method of alignment of CNTs in the CNT/MgB2 superconductor composite wires through a readily scalable drawing technique. The aligned CNT doped MgB2 wires show an enhancement in magnetic Jc(H) by more than an order of magnitude in high magnetic fields, compared to the undoped ones. The CNTs have also significantly enhanced the heat transfer and dissipation. CNTs have been used mainly in structural materials, but here the advantage of their use in functional composites is shown and this has wider ramifications for other functional materials.Comment: 11 pages, 3 figures. to be published in Advanced Material

Magnetic field processing to enhance critical current densities of MgB2 superconductors

A magnetic field of up to 12T was applied during the sintering process of pure MgB2 and carbon nanotube(CNT)dopedMgB2wires. The authors have demonstrated that magnetic field processing results in grain refinement, homogeneity, and enhancement in Jc(H) and Hirr. The extent of improvement in Jc increases with increasing field. The Jc for a 10T field processed CNTdoped sample increases by a factor of 3 at 10K and 8T and at 20K and 5T, respectively. Hirr for the 10T field processed CNTdoped sample reached 9T at 20K, which exceeded the best value of SiC dopedMgB2 at 20K. Magnetic field processing reduces the resistivity in CNTdopedMgB2, straightens the entangled CNTs, and improves the adherence between CNTs and the MgB2 matrix