Tyrosinase and phenolic pressor amines

Basic to the consideration of the action of tyrosinase on the oxidation of phenolic pressor amines are the observations of Keilin and Mann (16) and of Nelson and his coworkers (17-19) that show that different preparations may vary considerably in their relative actions on monophenols and o-diphenols. Both of these types of activity appear to belong to the same enzyme complex, as they bear a proportionality to the same copper content. However, since the activities vary with the purity and method of purification, each enzyme preparation must be defined in terms of both monophenolase and o-diphenolase activities. This was done in the present studies, and modifications of previously described preparative methods were required to retain a reasonable proportioning of such activities in purified preparations

Consumer Preferences for Attributes in Food and Beverages in Developed and Emerging Export Markets and their Impact on the European Union and New Zealand

This study examined consumer attitudes towards attributes in food and beverages in China, India, Indonesia, Japan and the UK. The attributes included basic attributes such as price and quality, but also extended to food safety and health benefits, as well as environmental and social attributes. The importance of factors affecting key attributes were examined in more detail. The study used a web-based survey with 1,000 middle and upper income consumers in each country. In addition, the potential economic impact of agricultural returns of different levels of premiums for food attributes in the EU and New Zealand were examined using the partial equilibrium Lincoln Trade and Environment Model (LTEM). This study found that consumers from developing countries valued food attributes more than the developed countries. Trade model projections showed an important impact on the agricultural sectors in the EU and New Zealand from the different levels of premiums for food attributes in selected overseas markets

EMPIRICAL PROCESSES FOR ESTIMATED PROJECTIONS OF MULTIVARIATE NORMAL VECTORS WITH APPLICATIONS TO E.D.F. AND CORRELATION TYPE GOODNESS OF FIT TESTS

Goodness-of-fit and correlation tests are considered for dependent univariate data that arises when multivariate data is projected to the real line with a data-suggested linear transformation. Specifically, tests for multivariate normality are investigated. Let { } i Y be a sequence of independent k-variate normal random vectors, and let 0 d be a fixed linear transform from Rk to R . For a sequence of linear transforms { ( )} 1 , , n d Y Y converging almost surely to 0 d , the weak convergence of the empirical process of the standardized projections from d to a tight Gaussian process is established. This tight Gaussian process is identical to that which arises in the univariate case where the mean and standard deviation are estimated by the sample mean and sample standard deviation (Wood, 1975). The tight Gaussian process determines the limiting null distribution of E.D.F. goodness-of-fit statistics applied to the process of the projections. A class of tests for multivariate normality, which are based on the Shapiro-Wilk statistic and the related correlation statistics applied to the dependent univariate data that arises with a data-suggested linear transformation, is also considered. The asymptotic properties for these statistics are established. In both cases, the statistics based on random linear transformations are shown to be asymptotically equivalent to the statistics using the fixed linear transformation. The statistics based on the fixed linear transformation have same critical points as the corresponding tests of univariate normality; this allows an easy implementation of these tests for multivariate normality. Of particular interest are two classes of transforms that have been previously considered for testing multivariate normality and are special cases of the projections considered here. The first transformation, originally considered by Wood (1981), is based on a symmetric decomposition of the inverse sample covariance matrix. The asymptotic properties of these transformed empirical processes were fully developed using classical results. The second class of transforms is the principal components that arise in principal component analysis. Peterson and Stromberg (1998) suggested using these transforms with the univariate Shapiro-Wilk statistic. Using these suggested projections, the limiting distribution of the E.D.F. goodness-of-fit and correlation statistics are developed

The Land and the brand

The Agribusiness and Economics Research Unit at Lincoln University was commissioned to prepare this report assessing the contributions that the agri‐food sector has made to the wellbeing of New Zealanders over the decades and in the present day. The purpose of this research is to indicate how industry‐led initiatives and private‐public partnerships might build on the sector’s historical successes for ongoing economic prosperity into the future. The agri‐food sector continues to dominate the country’s merchandise exports. The dairy sector in 2013/14 generated export revenue of just over $18 billion, followed by meat and wool (more than$8 billion), forestry (more than $5.1 billion), horticulture (nearly$3.8 billion) and seafood (more than $1.7 billion)

Wellbeing Economics

Economists have long sought to maximise economic growth, believing this to be their best contribution to improving human welfare. That approach is not sustainable in the face of ongoing issues such as global climate change, environmental damage, rising inequality and enduring poverty. Alternatives must be found. This open access book addresses that challenge. It sets out a wellbeing economics framework that directly addresses fundamental issues affecting wellbeing outcomes. Drawing inspiration from the capabilities approach of Nobel Prize winner Amartya Sen, the book demonstrates how persons can enhance prosperity through their own actions and through collaboration with others. The book examines national public policy, but its analysis also focuses on choices made by individuals, households, families, civil society, local government and the global community. It therefore offers important insights for anyone concerned with improving personal wellbeing and community prosperity