Accelerated CO2 absorption in a membrane contactor using enzyme carbonic anhydrase

At the recent United Nations Climate Change conference (COP21) in Paris, France, 195 countries agreed on a plan to endeavor, to hold the global warming effect at less than 2 °C by 2020. In order to achieve this target, carbon capture technology for post combustion power plants will firmly remain part of the solution. CO2 capture in absorption towers with monoethanolamine (MEA) solvent has been the most investigated technology. Although MEA has a fast CO2 absorption rate, its use results in issues including corrosion of equipment, high energy demand for regeneration and degradation. MDEA (N-methyldiethanolamine) is an attractive alternative as it has a lower energy requirement for regeneration, is less corrosive and has greater chemical stability. The slower CO2 absorption reaction rate is the major drawback. The enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA) catalyzes CO2 fixation in nature, by hydrating CO2 to bicarbonate, which in turn enhances the CO2 absorption rate [1]. In this study, the possibility of employing carbonic anhydrase for the acceleration of CO2 reaction in MDEA in combination with the use of a membrane contactor is investigated in a lab scale module. In a membrane contactor the advantages of absorption technology and membrane technology are combined, as direct contact between the solvent and gas feed stream are avoided. Operation problems, which are observed in absorption columns such as foaming, channeling and entrainment are minimized. The possibility of independent control of gas and liquid phases offers convenient operation flexibility. Compact membrane modules provide more efficient liquid-gas contact than in an absorption column and hence save space. In contrast to membrane technology, where nonporous selective membranes are used, the membrane contactor uses microporous membranes, which have a higher gas permeance without selectivity since the solvent can take up CO2 exclusively (selectivity is ideally infinitive). However, if the membrane pores become filled with solvent (wetted), the mass transfer resistance of the membrane becomes significant, resulting in unviable operation. The membranes employed in this study were chosen specifically to have both hydrophobic (bulk) and hydrophilic (surface) properties in order to avoid wetting of solvent and to simultaneously reduce fouling from the enzymes. Absorption measurements in the membrane contactor were performed using solvent systems of 30wt% MEA and 30wt% MDEA for comparison where a small amount of the enzyme was added. The enzyme carbonic anhydrase used in this study, was supplied by Novozymes A/S (Bagsvaerd, Denmark) as an extracellular protein of microbial origin [2]. The applied feed gas consisted of 15vol.% CO2 and 85 vol.% N2 represented of flue gas from coal-fired power plants, and the feed gas pressure was varied from slightly higher than atmospheric to ca. 2bar.The influence of the solvent holdup time (contact time) was studied and the duration of the enzyme activity over a test period of one week. In addition, the possibility of the enzyme deployment for desorption at mild temperature range (below 70°C) was investigated. The results showed significant acceleration of CO2 reaction in 30 wt% MDEA when enzyme was added to membrane contactor system. References 1. M.T. Gundersen et al., Enzymatically assisted CO2 removal from fluegas, Energy Procedia 63 (2014) 624–32. 2. Anna-Katharina Kunze et al., Reactive absorption of CO2 into enzyme accelerated solvents: From laboratory to pilot scale, Applied Energy 156 (2015) 676–685. Acknowledgment The authors thank the other partners of the FP7 project INTERACT. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013 under grant agreement n° 608535. See www.interact-co2.eu for further information

Energy-Momentum Tensors for the Quark-Gluon Plasma

We construct the energy-momentum tensor for the gauge fields which describe the collective excitations of the quark-gluon plasma. We rely on the description of the collective modes that we have derived in previous works. By using the conservation laws for energy and momentum, we obtain three different versions for the tensor $T^{\mu\nu}$, which are physically equivalent. We show that the total energy constructed from $T^{00}$ is positive for any non-trivial field configuration. Finally, we present a new non-abelian solution of the equations of motion for the gauge fields. This solution corresponds to spatially uniform color oscillations of the plasma.Comment: 28 pages LaTex, Saclay preprint T94/0

Non-Abelian Excitations of the Quark-Gluon Plasma

We present new, non-abelian, solutions to the equations of motion which describe the collective excitations of a quark-gluon plasma at high temperature. These solutions correspond to spatially uniform color oscillations.Comment: 8 pages LaTex, 1 figure (not included; available upon request), Saclay preprint T94/0

Influenza Virus Lung Infection Protects from Respiratory Syncytial Virus–Induced Immunopathology

The effect of infection history is ignored in most animal models of infectious disease. The attachment protein of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) induces T helper cell type 2–driven pulmonary eosinophilia in mice similar to that seen in the failed infant vaccinations in the 1960s. We show that previous influenza virus infection of mice: (a) protects against weight loss, illness, and lung eosinophilia; (b) attenuates recruitment of inflammatory cells; and (c) reduces cytokine secretion caused by RSV attachment protein without affecting RSV clearance. This protective effect can be transferred via influenza-immune splenocytes to naive mice and is long lived. Previous immunity to lung infection clearly plays an important and underestimated role in subsequent vaccination and infection. The data have important implications for the timing of vaccinations in certain patient groups, and may contribute to variability in disease susceptibility observed in humans