Leishmania manipulation of sand fly feeding behavior results in enhanced transmission.

In nature the prevalence of Leishmania infection in whole sand fly populations can be very low (<0.1%), even in areas of endemicity and high transmission. It has long since been assumed that the protozoan parasite Leishmania can manipulate the feeding behavior of its sand fly vector, thus enhancing transmission efficiency, but neither the way in which it does so nor the mechanisms behind such manipulation have been described. A key feature of parasite development in the sand fly gut is the secretion of a gel-like plug composed of filamentous proteophosphoglycan. Using both experimental and natural parasite-sand fly combinations we show that secretion of this gel is accompanied by differentiation of mammal-infective transmission stages. Further, Leishmania infection specifically causes an increase in vector biting persistence on mice (re-feeding after interruption) and also promotes feeding on multiple hosts. Both of these aspects of vector behavior were found to be finely tuned to the differentiation of parasite transmission stages in the sand fly gut. By experimentally accelerating the development rate of the parasites, we showed that Leishmania can optimize its transmission by inducing increased biting persistence only when infective stages are present. This crucial adaptive manipulation resulted in enhanced infection of experimental hosts. Thus, we demonstrate that behavioral manipulation of the infected vector provides a selective advantage to the parasite by significantly increasing transmission

L-Cysteine-mediated Destabilization of Dinitrosyl Iron Complexes in Proteins

Nitric oxide is a signaling molecule in intercellular communication as well as a powerful weapon used by macrophages to kill tumor cells and pathogenic bacteria. Here, we show that when Escherichia coli cells are exposed to nitric oxide, its ferredoxin [2Fe-2S] cluster is nitrosylated, forming the dinitrosyl iron complex with a characteristic EPR signal at gav = 2.04. Such formed ferredoxin dinitrosyl iron complex is efficiently repaired in E. coli cells even in the absence of new protein synthesis. However, the repair activity is completely inactivated once E. coli cells are disrupted, indicating that repairing the ferredoxin dinitrosyl iron complex requires cellular reducing equivalents. In search of such cellular factors, we find that L-cysteine can effectively eliminate the EPR signal of the ferredoxin dinitrosyl iron complex and release the ferrous iron from the complex. In contrast, N-acetyl-L-cysteine and reduced glutathione are much less effective. L-Cysteine seems to have a general function, since it can also remove the otherwise stable dinitrosyl iron complexes from proteins in the cell extracts prepared from the E. coli cells treated with nitric oxide. We propose that L-cysteine is responsible for removing the dinitrosyl iron complexes from the nitric oxide-modified proteins into which a new iron-sulfur cluster will be reassembled

When do we eat? An evaluation of food items input into an electronic monitoring application

We present a formative study that examines what, when, and how participants in a chronic kidney disease (stage 5) population input food items into an electronic intake monitoring application. Participants scanned food item barcodes or voice recorded food items they consumed during a three week period. The results indicated that a learning curve was associated with barcode scanning; participants with low literacy skills had difficulty describing food items in voice recordings; and participants input food items depending on when they had dialysis treatment. Participants thought this electronic self monitoring application would be helpful for chronically ill populations in their first year of treatmen

A Procedure for Determining the Relative Volume of Mitochondria in Hepatic Cells

About forty years ago Cowdry\u27s monograph on mitochondria appeared evaluating the work of previous investigators, indicating synonymy and, in a sense, bringing the first exploratory phase of the study of these cellular constituents to a close (1). Reasonably specific methods for their demonstration had been devised, and it was possible to have some confidence in the conclusions that the so-called mitochondria of different kinds of cells, despite dissimilarities in size or shape, were comparable cellular parts

Observation of the dynamic Jahn-Teller effect in the excited states of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond

The optical transition linewidth and emission polarization of single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers are measured from 5 K to room temperature. Inter-excited state population relaxation is shown to broaden the zero-phonon line and both the relaxation and linewidth are found to follow a T^5 dependence for T up to 100 K. This dependence indicates that the dynamic Jahn-Teller effect is the dominant dephasing mechanism for the NV optical transitions at low temperatures

Proteomic profiling of urinary proteins in renal cancer by surface enhanced laser desorption ionisation (SELDI) and neural-network analysis: Identification of key issues affecting potential clinical utility.

Recent advances in proteomic profiling technologies, such as surface enhanced laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry, have allowed preliminary profiling and identification of tumor markers in biological fluids in several cancer types and establishment of clinically useful diagnostic computational models. There are currently no routinely used circulating tumor markers for renal cancer, which is often detected incidentally and is frequently advanced at the time of presentation with over half of patients having local or distant tumor spread. We have investigated the clinical utility of surface enhanced laser desorption ionization profiling of urine samples in conjunction with neural-network analysis to either detect renal cancer or to identify proteins of potential use as markers, using samples from a total of 218 individuals, and examined critical technical factors affecting the potential utility of this approach. Samples from patients before undergoing nephrectomy for clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC; n 48), normal volunteers (n 38), and outpatients attending with benign diseases of the urogenital tract (n 20) were used to successfully train neural-network models based on either presence/absence of peaks or peak intensity values, resulting in sensitivity and specificity values of 98.3–100%. Using an initial “blind” group of samples from 12 patients with RCC, 11 healthy controls, and 9 patients with benign diseases to test the models, sensitivities and specificities of 81.8–83.3% were achieved. The robustness of the approach was subsequently evaluated with a group of 80 samples analyzed “blind” 10 months later, (36 patients with RCC, 31 healthy volunteers, and 13 patients with benign urological conditions). However, sensitivities and specificities declined markedly, ranging from 41.0% to 76.6%. Possible contributing factors including sample stability, changing laser performance, and chip variability were examined, which may be important for the long-term robustness of such approaches, and this study highlights the need for rigorous evaluation of such factors in future studies

Observation of playa salts as nuclei in orographic wave clouds

During the Ice in Clouds Experiment-Layer Clouds (ICE-L), dry lakebed, or playa, salts from the Great Basin region of the United States were observed as cloud nuclei in orographic wave clouds over Wyoming. Using a counterflow virtual impactor in series with a single-particle mass spectrometer, sodium-potassium-magnesium-calcium-chloride salts were identified as residues of cloud droplets. Importantly, these salts produced similar mass spectral signatures to playa salts with elevated cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) efficiencies close to sea salt. Using a suite of chemical characterization instrumentation, the playa salts were observed to be internally mixed with oxidized organics, presumably produced by cloud processing, as well as carbonate. These salt particles were enriched as residues of large droplets (>19 μm) compared to smaller droplets (>7 μm). In addition, a small fraction of silicate-containing playa salts were hypothesized to be important in the observed heterogeneous ice nucleation processes. While the high CCN activity of sea salt has been demonstrated to play an important role in cloud formation in marine environments, this study provides direct evidence of the importance of playa salts in cloud formation in continental North America has not been shown previously. Studies are needed to model and quantify the impact of playas on climate globally, particularly because of the abundance of playas and expected increases in the frequency and intensity of dust storms in the future due to climate and land use changes

Application of radio tomographic imaging to HF oblique incidence ray tracing

Radio tomography is a technique for generating images of the spatial structure of ionospheric electron density over a wide area. This paper assesses the potential use of radio tomography in HF oblique propagation and ray tracing applications. Synthetic ionograms produced by ray tracing through tomographic images and ionospheric models have been compared with experimental oblique ionograms from six paths lying close to the image plane in the United Kingdom. In particular, study has been made of the effects of various types of input information used to constrain the vertical electron density structure in the tomographic reconstructions. It was found that use of a fine height resolution (5 km) and incorporation of information from one vertical ionosonde in the reconstruction process makes significant improvements to the overall reliability of the tomographic image. As expected, E layer propagation is better defined using a climatological model than by tomography. However, in comparison with three ionospheric models, use of tomographic images can significantly reduce the RMS error in the determination of the F2 layer maximum usable frequency