21 research outputs found

    Selbstbestimmung. Freier Wille, Verantwortung und Determinismus

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    An analysis of our commonsense concept of freedom yields two “minimal criteria”: (1) Autonomy distinguishes freedom from compulsion; (2) Authorship distinguishes freedom from chance. Translating freedom into “self-determination” can account for both criteria. Self-determination is understood as determination by “personal-preferences” which are constitutive for a person. Freedom and determinism are therefore compatible; the crucial question is not whether an action is determined at all but, rather, whether it is determined by personal preferences. This account can do justice to the most important intuitions concerning freedom, including the ability to do otherwise. Waiving determination, by contrast, would violate the minimal criteria rather than providing “more” freedom. It is concluded that self-determination provides everything that we can ask for if we ask for freedom.L’analyse de la conception commune de la libertĂ© produit deux « critĂšres minimaux » : 1) L’autonomie distingue la libertĂ© de la contrainte ; 2) La responsabilitĂ© distingue la libertĂ© du hasard. InterprĂ©ter la libertĂ© comme « autodĂ©termination » correspond aux deux critĂšres. L’autodĂ©termination se comprend comme une dĂ©termination par les « prĂ©fĂ©rences personnelles », constitutives de la personne. La libertĂ© et le dĂ©terminisme sont ainsi compatibles. La question essentielle n’est pas de savoir si une action est dĂ©terminĂ©e ou pas, mais plutĂŽt de savoir si elle est dĂ©terminĂ©e par les prĂ©fĂ©rences personnelles. Cette explication est juste Ă  l’égard des intuitions les plus importantes concernant la libertĂ©, y compris le pouvoir d’agir autrement. Abandonner la dĂ©termination, par contraste, violerait les critĂšres minimaux au lieu de procurer « davantage » de libertĂ©. Dans la conclusion, il est indiquĂ© que l’autodĂ©termination procure tout ce qu’on peut demander si on demande la libertĂ©.Eine Analyse unseres auf dem gesunden Menschenverstand beruhenden Freiheitskonzeptes ergibt zwei „minimale Kriterien“: 1) Autonomie bedeutet einen Unterschied zwischen Freiheit und Zwang; 2) Urheberschaft bedeutet einen Unterschied zwischen Freiheit und Zufall. Die Auslegung von Freiheit als „Selbstbestimmung“ kann fĂŒr beide Kriterien in Anspruch genommen werden. „Selbstbestimmung“ wird verstanden als Bestimmung anhand „persönlicher Vorlieben“, die fĂŒr die betreffende Person konstituierend sind. Freiheit und Determinismus sind also kompatibel. Die SchlĂŒsselfrage ist nicht, ob unser Handeln ĂŒberhaupt determiniert ist, sondern eher, ob dies durch persönliche Vorlieben geschieht. Diese ErklĂ€rung kann den meisten freiheitsbezogenen Intuitionen gerecht werden, einschließlich der FĂ€higkeit, anders [als gewohnt] zu handeln. Im Gegensatz dazu wĂŒrde der Verzicht auf eine Determinierung eher das genannte Minimalkriterium verletzen, als „mehr“ Freiheit zu ermöglichen. Der Verfasser kommt zum Schluss, dass Selbstbestimmung die Verwirklichung aller unserer AnsprĂŒche ermöglicht, wenn wir Freiheit fordern

    Self-Determination: Free Will and Determinism

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    KONFRONTATION, KONKURRENZ ODER KOOPERATION? ZUM VERHÄLTNIS VON GEISTES- UND NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN

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    Es vergeht derzeit kaum eine Woche, ohne daß wir mit mehr oder minder spektakulĂ€ren Behauptungen ĂŒber bevorstehende VerĂ€nderungen unseres Selbst- oder Menschenbildes konfrontiert wĂŒrden, die angesichts neuer naturwissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisse oder technischer Entwicklungen unumgĂ€nglich seien: Das Ich sei ein bloßes Konstrukt, die Willensfreiheit eine blanke Illusion, und frĂŒher oder spĂ€ter mĂŒĂŸten wir damit rechnen, daß Computer alle die Leistungen vollbringen, auf die wir als Menschen so stolz sind – nur etwas schneller, mit weniger Fehlern und selbstredend auch umweltfreundlicher

    Illuminating the dark matter of social neuroscience: Considering the problem of social interaction from philosophical, psychological, and neuroscientific perspectives

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    Successful human social interaction depends on our capacity to understand other people's mental states and to anticipate how they will react to our actions. Despite its importance to the human condition, the exact mechanisms underlying our ability to understand another's actions, feelings, and thoughts are still a matter of conjecture. Here, we consider this problem from philosophical, psychological, and neuroscientific perspectives. In a critical review, we demonstrate that attempts to draw parallels across these complementary disciplines is premature: The second-person perspective does not map directly to Interaction or Simulation theories, online social cognition, or shared neural network accounts underlying action observation or empathy. Nor does the third-person perspective map onto Theory-Theory (TT), offline social cognition, or the neural networks that support Theory of Mind (ToM). Moreover, we argue that important qualities of social interaction emerge through the reciprocal interplay of two independent agents whose unpredictable behavior requires that models of their partner's internal state be continually updated. This analysis draws attention to the need for paradigms in social neuroscience that allow two individuals to interact in a spontaneous and natural manner and to adapt their behavior and cognitions in a response contingent fashion due to the inherent unpredictability in another person's behavior. Even if such paradigms were implemented, it is possible that the specific neural correlates supporting such reciprocal interaction would not reflect computation unique to social interaction but rather the use of basic cognitive and emotional processes combined in a unique manner. Finally, we argue that given the crucial role of social interaction in human evolution, ontogeny, and every-day social life, a more theoretically and methodologically nuanced approach to the study of real social interaction will nevertheless help the field of social cognition to evolve

    Proceedings of KogWis 2012. 11th Biannual Conference of the German Cognitive Science Society

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    The German cognitive science conference is an interdisciplinary event where researchers from different disciplines -- mainly from artificial intelligence, cognitive psychology, linguistics, neuroscience, philosophy of mind, and anthropology -- and application areas -- such as eduction, clinical psychology, and human-machine interaction -- bring together different theoretical and methodological perspectives to study the mind. The 11th Biannual Conference of the German Cognitive Science Society took place from September 30 to October 3 2012 at Otto-Friedrich-UniversitÀt in Bamberg. The proceedings cover all contributions to this conference, that is, five invited talks, seven invited symposia and two symposia, a satellite symposium, a doctoral symposium, three tutorials, 46 abstracts of talks and 23 poster abstracts

    NCC research and the problem of consciousness

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    One of the reasons why the Neural Correlates of Consciousness Program could appear attractive in the 1990s was that it seemed to disentangle theoretical and empirical problems. Theoretical disagreements could thus be sidestepped in order to focus on empirical research regarding the neural substrate of consciousness. One of the further consequences of this dissociation of empirical and theoretical questions was that fundamental questions regarding the Mind Body Problem or the “Hard Problem of Consciousness” could remain unresolved even if the search for the neural correlates had been successful.Drawing on historical examples, a widely held consensus in the philosophy of science, and actual NCC research we argue that there is no such independence. Moreover, as the dependence between the theoretical and the empirical level is mutual, empirical progress will go hand in hand with theoretical development. Thus, contrary to what the original NCC program suggested, we conclude that NCC research may significantly take advantage from and contribute to theoretical progress in our explanation and understanding of consciousness. Eventually, this might even contribute to a solution of the Hard Problem of Consciousness

    Phenomenal experience and science: Separated by a “brick wall”?

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    Neue Überlegungen zum Eigenschaftsphysikalismus

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    Beckermann A. Neue Überlegungen zum Eigenschaftsphysikalismus. In: Pauen M, SchĂŒtte M, Staudacher A, eds. Begriff, ErklĂ€rung, Bewusstsein. Neue BeitrĂ€ge zum Qualia-Problem. Paderborn: mentis; 2007: 143-170
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