3,814 research outputs found
Adaptive walks in a gene network model of morphogenesis: insights into the Cambrian explosion
The emergence of complex patterns of organization close to the Cambrian
boundary is known to have happened over a (geologically) short period of time.
It involved the rapid diversification of body plans and stands as one of the
major transitions in evolution. How it took place is a controversial issue.
Here we explore this problem by considering a simple model of pattern formation
in multicellular organisms. By modeling gene network-based morphogenesis and
its evolution through adaptive walks, we explore the question of how
combinatorial explosions might have been actually involved in the Cambrian
event. Here we show that a small amount of genetic complexity including both
gene regulation and cell-cell signaling allows one to generate an extraordinary
repertoire of stable spatial patterns of gene expression compatible with
observed anteroposterior patterns in early development of metazoans. The
consequences for the understanding of the tempo and mode of the Cambrian event
are outlined.Comment: to appear in International Journal of Developmental Biology, special
issue on Evo-Devo (2003
On the length and area spectrum of analytic convex domains
Area-preserving twist maps have at least two different (p, q)-periodic orbits and every (p, q)-periodic orbit has its (p, q)-periodic action for suitable couples (p, q). We establish an exponentially small upper bound for the differences of (p, q)-periodic actions when the map is analytic on a (m, n)-resonant rotational invariant curve (resonant RIC) and p/q is 'sufficiently close' to m/n. The exponent in this upper bound is closely related to the analyticity strip width of a suitable angular variable. The result is obtained in two steps. First, we prove a Neishtadt-like theorem, in which the n-th power of the twist map is written as an integrable twist map plus an exponentially small remainder on the distance to the RIC. Second,
we apply the MacKay-Meiss-Percival action principle. We apply our exponentially small upper bound to several billiard problems. The resonant RIC is a boundary of the phase space in almost all of them. For instance, we show that the lengths (respectively, areas) of all the (1, q)-periodic billiard (respectively, dual billiard) trajectories inside (respectively, outside) analytic strictly convex domains are exponentially close in the period q. This improves some classical results of Marvizi, Melrose, Colin de Verdiere, Tabachnikov, and others about the smooth case.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft
Post-Newtonian Dynamics in Dense Star Clusters: Highly-Eccentric, Highly-Spinning, and Repeated Binary Black Hole Mergers
We present models of realistic globular clusters with post-Newtonian dynamics
for black holes. By modeling the relativistic accelerations and
gravitational-wave emission in isolated binaries and during three- and
four-body encounters, we find that nearly half of all binary black hole mergers
occur inside the cluster, with about 10% of those mergers entering the
LIGO/Virgo band with eccentricities greater than 0.1. In-cluster mergers lead
to the birth of a second generation of black holes with larger masses and high
spins, which, depending on the black hole natal spins, can sometimes be
retained in the cluster and merge again. As a result, globular clusters can
produce merging binaries with detectable spins regardless of the birth spins of
black holes formed from massive stars. These second-generation black holes
would also populate any upper mass gap created by pair-instability supernovae.Comment: 9 pages, 3 figures, 2 appendices. To appear in Physical Review
Letter
A match coefficient approach for damage imaging in structural components by ultrasonic synthetic aperture focus
Ultrasonic Synthetic Aperture Focus (SAF) techniques are commonly used to image structural defects. In this paper, a variation of SAF based on ideas borrowed from Matched Field Processing (MFP) is evaluated to reduce artifacts and sidelobes of the resulting images. In particular, instead of considering the full RF ultrasonic waveforms for the SAF time backpropagation, only selected features from the waveforms are utilized to form a “data vector” and a “replica” (expected) vector of MFP. These vectors are adaptive for the pair of transmitter-receiver and the focus point. The image is created as a matched filter between these two vectors. Experimental results are shown for an isotropic and homogenous metallic plate with simulated defects, probed by six piezoelectric patches used as receivers or transmitters
GRChombo : Numerical Relativity with Adaptive Mesh Refinement
In this work, we introduce GRChombo: a new numerical relativity code which
incorporates full adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) using block structured
Berger-Rigoutsos grid generation. The code supports non-trivial
"many-boxes-in-many-boxes" mesh hierarchies and massive parallelism through the
Message Passing Interface (MPI). GRChombo evolves the Einstein equation using
the standard BSSN formalism, with an option to turn on CCZ4 constraint damping
if required. The AMR capability permits the study of a range of new physics
which has previously been computationally infeasible in a full 3+1 setting,
whilst also significantly simplifying the process of setting up the mesh for
these problems. We show that GRChombo can stably and accurately evolve standard
spacetimes such as binary black hole mergers and scalar collapses into black
holes, demonstrate the performance characteristics of our code, and discuss
various physics problems which stand to benefit from the AMR technique.Comment: 48 pages, 24 figure
The minimum variance distortionless response beamformer for damage identification using modal curvatures
This study presents a damage identification procedure in beams based on the use of
beamforming algorithms, which are mostly utilized in inverse problems of source identification
and image reconstruction. We choose the modal curvatures as observed quantities and compare
the performance of the Bartlett beamformer, minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR)
processor, and of a conventional objective function based on the modal curvatures. By means of a
set of experiments, we show that the MVDR processor can overcome some of the difficulties
encountered with other estimators, especially in cases of slight damage, or damage located between two sensors
Train-weight-in-motion identification measuring time-histories of rail strains
This paper deals with the identification of the weight of a train in motion, based on the measurement of the time-history of the response in terms of strains at the foot of the rail. The direct problem is initially addressed: the response of a rail modelled as a one-dimensional Euler-Bernoulli beam with constant properties, resting on a linear elastic foundation with viscous damping and subjected to a Dirac delta load travelling at constant speed is considered. For
the model described, a closed-form expression of the solution can be obtained, which permits to investigate the sensitivity of the response to the main mechanical parameters. Analytical strains are compared to their experimental counterpart, showing their practical ability to describe the real phenomenon. As a second step, the inverse problem consisting in the identification of the loads for a given time-history of measured strains is addressed. The solution of the inverse problem is set up as a minimization problem whose objective function is based on the difference between experimental and model time-histories of strains. This inverse problem is nonlinear, and its solution can be pursued by the Newton method, which requires recursive application of a linearized expression for the evaluation of the optimal parameters. The Bayesian formulation enables to investigate identifiability of parameters and minimum number of measurements, and leads to conclude that the identification process must begin with an improving of the interpretative model. This model updating can be achieved by evaluating the model parameters, using the time-history of a train whose weight is known. After that, the actual identification of the loads can be performed. The procedure proposed is applied to experimental strains recorded at the foot of a rail on a stretch of line run by a locomotor moving at a low constant speed. The identified loads were in good agreement with the expected value, with errors smaller than 4%
The minimum variance distortionless response beamformer for damage identification using modal curvatures
This study presents a damage identification procedure in beams based on the use of beamforming algorithms, which are mostly utilized in inverse problems of source identification and image reconstruction. We choose the modal curvatures as observed quantities and compare the performance of the Bartlett beamformer, minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) processor, and of a conventional objective function based on the modal curvatures. By means of a set of experiments, we show that the MVDR processor can overcome some of the difficulties encountered with other estimators, especially in cases of slight damage, or damage located between two sensors. © 2023, Association of American Publishers. All rights reserved.2-s2.0-8515265642
Assessment of unintentional islanding operations in distribution networks with large induction motors
This paper is aimed at assessing the impact of unintentional islanding operations (IOs) in the presence of large induction motors (IMs) within distribution networks (DNs). When a fault occurs,followingthecircuitbreaker(CB)faultclearing,theIMsacttransientlyasgenerators,duetoits inertia, until the CB reclosing takes place. The present work is the outcome of a project carried out in a small DN, where ¿eld measurements were recorded over two years. This paper provides a detailed description of the test system, a selected list of ¿eld measurements, and a discussion on modeling guidelinesusedtocreatethemodeloftheactualpowersystem. Themaingoalistovalidatethesystem model by comparing ¿eld measurements with simulation results. The comparison of simulations and ¿eld measurements prove the appropriateness of the modeling guidelines used in this work and highlight the high accuracy achieved in the implemented three-phase Matlab/Simulink modelPostprint (published version
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