Fatty Acid Profiles of Major Prey and Predator Fish in Lake Ontario: Use in Assessing Food Web Interactions

Fatty acid signatures (FAS) are currently used in food web studies to assess trophic interactions between predator and prey. In this study, three major prey fish (alewife, rainbow smelt, and round goby) were collected at three sites along the south shore of Lake Ontario (Olcott, Rochester, and Oswego) during the spring and fall of 2013. Major predator species (including lake trout, brown trout, Chinook salmon, coho salmon, chain pickerel, northern pike, yellow perch, and walleye) were collected along the south shore of Lake Ontario during the summer of 2013. Using multivariate statistics, FAS were compared among all predator and prey species as well as among location and between seasons for prey fish. Though notable seasonal differences were found in alewife FAS, differences in FAS among prey species were greater than any spatio-temporal differences detected within a single species. FAS among predator species were also significantly different though results were consistent with predator taxonomic family. Differentiating fatty acids were similar in among-species comparisons of prey and predator, respectively. Alewife and salmonids were differentiated by oleic acid (18:1n-9), round goby and percids by palmitoleic acid (16:1n-7), and rainbow smelt and esocids by DHA (22:6n-3). FAS suggested a prominent diet of alewife for salmonids and a round goby-rich diet for yellow perch while other species seemed to have a more balanced diet. Our results provide the first comprehensive FAS dataset for major prey and predator species in Lake Ontario. Though specific predator-prey FAS assimilation responses must first be investigated through controlled feeding experiments, the strong heterogeneity among FAS of Lake Ontario prey items suggests that the application of quantitative fatty acid signature analysis (QFASA) is a viable option for assessing predator feeding habits

Pharmacists’ Perceptions of Practice Roles: Opportunities and Challenges Facing Pharmacy with Respect to Expanding the Scope of Practice in Mississippi

Title: Pharmacists’ Perceptions of Practice Roles: Opportunities and Challenges Facing Pharmacy with Respect to Expanding the Scope of Practice in Mississippi Objective: To provide objective evidence as to the opportunities and challenges that pharmacists will encounter when implementing an expanded role in the health care system from the perspective of the practicing pharmacist. Methods: Questionnaires were mailed to Mississippi licensed pharmacists. The first section contained questions dealing with the demography of the respondent including a utilization of skills scale and several domains of job satisfaction. The second section contained the health care activities inventory. Respondents were asked to report which health care professional should be providing each of the services using a scale ranging from entirely pharmacist to entirely physician. In the six weeks following delivery of the surveys, 533 were returned. 51 of the surveys returned were incomplete and were not included in any subsequent analyses, a 18.8% usable response rate. Results: Traditional pharmacy roles supported by the findings included: dispensing prescriptions and compounding prescriptions. Other support existed for pharmacist activityincounselingpatientsaboutmedications. Traditionalphysicianroleswerealso supported by Mississippi pharmacists. Many health care activities were believed to be shared responsibilities. In some cases, pharmacists were believed to carry more of the responsibility and in some cases it was the physician. In comparing community and institutional practitioners, community pharmacists held more firmly to the ideas of traditional roles than did the institutional pharmacists. Conclusions: As is evidenced by the data presented, in the opinion of Mississippi pharmacists, there are some traditional roles that remain the exclusive domain of pharmacy or medicine (e.g., dispensing medications, compounding medications, and diagnosing disease). While respondents did support these traditional roles, there is evidence to suggest that the pharmacist has opportunities to expand his/her practice beyond the count, pour, lick and stick moniker that too often has been applied

The Gannett Peak lineament

Master of Science (MS)GeologyUniversity of Michiganhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/114887/1/39015003269266.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/114887/2/39015003269266.pd

Variation In Fatty Acid Signatures Of Lake Ontario Prey Fish

Fatty acid signatures (FAS) are currently used in food web studies to provide insights into long term feeding habits of predators based on the degree of similarity between their FAS and that of their prey. To date, FAS data of fish from Lake Ontario are limited and are required to better understand possible energy connections between nearshore and offshore environments. In this study, three major prey fish (alewife - Alosa pseudoharengus, rainbow smelt - Osmerus mordax, and round goby - Neogobius melanostomus) were collected at three sites along the south shore of Lake Ontario (Olcott, Rochester, Oswego) at nearshore (m) and offshore (\u3e70 m) locations. Using multivariate statistics, we will compare species FAS as well as their spatial variation. These data will further our understanding of predator-prey interactions in Lake Ontario’s food web

STRUCTURE-FUNCTION IN ESCHERICHIA-COLI IRON SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE - COMPARISONS WITH THE MANGANESE ENZYME FROM THERMUS-THERMOPHILUS

The crystal structure of dimeric Fe(III) superoxide dismutase (SOD) from Escherichia coli (3006 protein atoms, 2 irons, and 281 solvents) has been refined to an R of 0.184 using all observed data between 40.0 and 1.85 Angstrom (34 879 reflections). Features of this structure are compared with the refined structure of MnSOD from Thermus thermophilus. The coordination geometry at the Fe site is distorted trigonal bipyramidal, with axial ligands His26 and solvent (proposed to be OH-), and in-plane ligands His73, Asp156, and His160. Reduction of crystals to the Fe(II) state does not result in significant changes in metal-ligand geometry (R = 0.188 for data between 40.0 and 1.80 Angstrom). The arrangement of iron ligands in Fe(II) and Fe(III)SOD closely matches the Mn coordination found in MnSOD from T. thermophilus [Ludwig, M. L., Metzger, A. L., Pattridge, K. A., and Stallings, W. C. (1991) J. Mol. Biol. 219, 335-358]. Structures of the Fe(III) azide (40.0-1.8 Angstrom, R = 0.186) and Mn(III) azide (20.0-1.8 Angstrom, R = 0.179) complexes, reported here, reveal azide bound as a sixth ligand with distorted octahedral geometry at the metal; the in-plane ligand-Fe-ligand and ligand-Mn-ligand angles change by 20-30 degrees to coordinate azide as a sixth ligand. However, the positions of the distal azide nitrogens are different in the FeSOD and MnSOD complexes. The geometries of the Fe(III), Fe(II), and Fe(III)-azide species suggest a reaction mechanism for superoxide dismutation in which the metal alternates between five- and six-coordination. A reaction scheme in which the ligated solvent acts as a proton acceptor in the first half-reaction [formation of Fe(II) and oxygen] is consistent with the pH dependence of the kinetic parameters and spectroscopic properties of Fe superoxide dismutase.close27126