Más allá del COVID-19. Diseño de un nuevo modelo de atención compartida entre farmacia comunitaria y atención primaria.

Introducción. Las farmacias comunitarias representan un papel clave en la respuesta al COVID-19 y especialmente en el control de enfermedades crónicas más allá de la pandemia. Objetivo. Diseño de un nuevo modelo de atención compartida entre farmacia comunitaria y atención primaria para prevenir la fragilidad y promover el autocuidado en personas mayores. Método. Estudio cualitativo de investigación-acción con mapeo de actores, segmentación de perfiles, grupos de discusión, entrevistas en profundidad y sesiones de diseño creativo. Las técnicas utilizadas aseguraron la participación de personas mayores y profesionales en todas las etapas de diseño. Resultados. Se generaron circuitos comunes de comunicación para los nuevos servicios y protocolos de actuación compartidos. Se propusieron nuevos roles profesionales en respuesta  a las necesidades, expectativas y preferencias de las personas mayores. Se diseñaron los servicios de detección de fragilidad, adherencia a nuevos medicamentos, toma de constantes y refuerzo terapéutico. El modelo aporta sistemas de comunicación bidireccional entre atención primaria y farmacia comunitaria y reconoce el papel de la farmacia comunitaria en la promoción del autocuidado y gestión de la patología crónica y la medicación. Conclusiones. Se evidencia la importancia de crear un ecosistema más abierto que dé lugar a innovaciones organizativas que aprovechen la proximidad y capilaridad de las oficinas de farmacia, así como la incorporación de la omnicanalidad en la atención, esencial en situaciones de crisis sanitaria como la actual. Asimismo, queda demostrado que las técnicas de diseño cooperativo favorecen la participación de los agentes involucrados, aumentando su contribución e impacto potencial sobre los resultados

Más allá del COVID-19. Diseño de un nuevo modelo de atención compartida entre farmacia comunitaria y atención primaria.

Introducción. Las farmacias comunitarias representan un papel clave en la respuesta al COVID-19 y especialmente en el control de enfermedades crónicas más allá de la pandemia. Objetivo. Diseño de un nuevo modelo de atención compartida entre farmacia comunitaria y atención primaria para prevenir la fragilidad y promover el autocuidado en personas mayores. Método. Estudio cualitativo de investigación-acción con mapeo de actores, segmentación de perfiles, grupos de discusión, entrevistas en profundidad y sesiones de diseño creativo. Las técnicas utilizadas aseguraron la participación de personas mayores y profesionales en todas las etapas de diseño. Resultados. Se generaron circuitos comunes de comunicación para los nuevos servicios y protocolos de actuación compartidos. Se propusieron nuevos roles profesionales en respuesta  a las necesidades, expectativas y preferencias de las personas mayores. Se diseñaron los servicios de detección de fragilidad, adherencia a nuevos medicamentos, toma de constantes y refuerzo terapéutico. El modelo aporta sistemas de comunicación bidireccional entre atención primaria y farmacia comunitaria y reconoce el papel de la farmacia comunitaria en la promoción del autocuidado y gestión de la patología crónica y la medicación. Conclusiones. Se evidencia la importancia de crear un ecosistema más abierto que dé lugar a innovaciones organizativas que aprovechen la proximidad y capilaridad de las oficinas de farmacia, así como la incorporación de la omnicanalidad en la atención, esencial en situaciones de crisis sanitaria como la actual. Asimismo, queda demostrado que las técnicas de diseño cooperativo favorecen la participación de los agentes involucrados, aumentando su contribución e impacto potencial sobre los resultados

An allele of Arabidopsis COI1 with hypo- and hypermorphic phenotypes in plant growth, defence and fertility

Resistance to biotrophic pathogens is largely dependent on the hormone salicylic acid (SA) while jasmonic acid (JA) regulates resistance against necrotrophs. JA negatively regulates SA and is, in itself, negatively regulated by SA. A key component of the JA signal transduction pathway is its receptor, the COI1 gene. Mutations in this gene can affect all the JA phenotypes, whereas mutations in other genes, either in JA signal transduction or in JA biosynthesis, lack this general effect. To identify components of the part of the resistance against biotrophs independent of SA, a mutagenised population of NahG plants (severely depleted of SA) was screened for suppression of susceptibility. The screen resulted in the identification of intragenic and extragenic suppressors, and the results presented here correspond to the characterization of one extragenic suppressor, coi1-40. coi1-40 is quite different from previously described coi1 alleles, and it represents a strategy for enhancing resistance to biotrophs with low levels of SA, likely suppressing NahG by increasing the perception to the remaining SA. The phenotypes of coi1-40 lead us to speculate about a modular function for COI1, since we have recovered a mutation in COI1 which has a number of JA-related phenotypes reduced while others are equal to or above wild type levels.This work was supported by grant BIO201018896 from "Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad" (MINECO) of Spain and by grant ACOMP/2012/105 from "Generalitat Valenciana" to PT, a JAE-CSIC Fellowship to JVC, a FPI-MINECO to AD, and Fellowships from the European Molecular Biology Organization and the Human Frontier Science Program to BBHW. 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Asymmetric bioreduction of interesting ketones testing promising enzymes from different organisms. Screening and scale-up

[ES] Rastreo de enzimas candidatos para determinar si son aptos para la reducción asimétrica de las cetonas seleccionadas y ajuste preliminar de las condiciones óptimas para escalar la reacción.[EN] Screening of promising enzymes to determine whether they are suitable for the asymmetric reduction of selected ketones and the preliminary adjustment to the optimal conditions for a possible scale-up.Fort Rausell, P. (2013). Asymmetric bioreduction of interesting ketones testing promising enzymes from different organisms. Screening and scale-up. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/37426Archivo delegad

Summary of the phenotypes that differentiate the <i>coi1-</i>40 and <i>coi1</i>-1 alleles.

1<p>Measured in plants grown on MeJA supplemented plates;</p>2<p>Senescence induced by MeJA.</p>3<p>Amount of seeds estimated. n.d.: not determined.</p

Allele specific phenotypes of <i>coi1</i>-40.

<p><i>coi1</i>-40 and its controls were tested for: (A) Senescence induced by JA. The indicated genotypes were grown in soil, and mature leaves from six-week-old plants were cut and floated on water with or without 100 µM MeJA. The amount of chlorophyll (in µg/g fresh weight) was measured after four days of darkness, with three groups of leaves of <i>c.</i> 1 g each. Previous to the sampling, <i>coi1</i>-1 plants were selected by PCR markers from a segregating population. (B) Carotenoids. 14-day-old seedlings, grown in 50 µM MeJA plates, were incubated in acetic methanol during 18 hours and the absorption of the extracts was measured. (C) Fertility. The total average seed set of eight plants grown in long day conditions. (D) Trichomes. Plants were grown in media with or without 10 µM MeJA, and when the fifth true leaf emerged, the number of trichomes was counted with the help of a magnifying glass. Since <i>coi1</i>-1 is not fertile, the number of trichomes without MeJA cannot be counted at this stage. (E) Detail of the distribution of trichomes in both <i>coi1</i> alleles. Plants growing in MeJA plates, as indicated in (D) were visualized with a scanning electron microscope. The length of the bar (left of the picture) is 1 mm.</p

Resistance against necrotrophs in <i>coi1</i>-40.

<p><i>coi1</i>-40 and its controls were inoculated with <i>Plectosphaerella cucumerina</i> by depositing a 6 µL drop of 5×10E6 spores/mL on a leaf, in 28-day-old plants. (A) Diameter of the lesion one week after inoculation. <i>ocp3</i> is included as a control. The data represent the average and the standard error of 40 leaves. (B) Images of representative leaves two weeks after inoculation. The genotypes are shown in the same order as in (A).</p

Response of <i>coi1</i>-40 to JA <i>in vitro</i>.

<p><i>coi1</i>-40 and its controls were tested for: (A) Phenotype in plates. The indicated genotypes were grown in plates with Johnson's Media <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0055115#pone.0055115-Johnson1" target="_blank">[67]</a> supplemented with 50 µM MeJA. The pictures were taken 20 days after germination with the same settings and in the same experiment. In plates without MeJA the plants were the same size (data not shown). (B) Length of primary root. The plants were grown as described in (A), with and without 50 µM MeJA. At 10 days old, the lengths of the roots were measured in both conditions, and their ratio (MeJA treated divided by mock treated) expressed as a percentage. (C) Lateral roots. The plants were grown as described in (A), with and without 50 µM MeJA. At 14 days old, the number of lateral roots longer than 0.2 mm was counted in both conditions with the help of a magnifying glass. Note that in some genotypes like Col-0, the root does not grow in MeJA and therefore it is not possible to count lateral roots (marked as “0” in the figure). Since <i>coi1</i>-1 is not fertile, the number of lateral roots without MeJA was not counted (marked as not determined -n.d.- in the figure). (D) Phenotype of F1s between <i>coi1</i>-40 and Col-0 and between <i>coi1</i>-40 and <i>coi1</i>-1. The plants were grown as described in A, with 50 µM MeJA. The pictures were taken when the plants were 20 days old.</p

Complementation of <i>coi1</i>-40.

<p>Plants of <i>coi1-</i>40, <i>coi1-</i>1 <i>35S:COI1</i> and <i>35S:COI1</i> in <i>coi1-</i>40 background were grown in plates supplemented with and without MeJA as is described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0055115#pone-0055115-g004" target="_blank">Figure 4</a>. (A) Length of primary root. The plants were grown with and without 50 µM MeJA. At 10 days old, the lengths of the roots were measured in both conditions, and their ratio (MeJA treated divided by mock treated) expressed as a percentage. (B) Lateral root phenotype. Picture showing the phenotype of the three lines, <i>coi1-</i>40, <i>coi1-</i>1 <i>35S:COI1</i>, <i>coi1-</i>40 <i>35S:COI</i> 20 days post germination. Both lines, <i>coi1-</i>1 <i>35S:COI1</i> and <i>coi1-</i>40 <i>35S:COI</i> show similar phenotype and opposite to that shown in the control <i>coi1</i>-40. (C) and (D) Trichome phenotype. Plants were grown in media with 10 µM MeJA. No difference in the number of trichomes was found between <i>coi1-</i>1 <i>35S:COI1</i> (C) and <i>coi1-</i>40 <i>35S:COI</i> (D). The picture shows the plants when the fifth true leaf emerged.</p

Characterization of resistance to biotrophs in <i>coi1</i>-40.

<p>(A) Growth of <i>Pto</i> in the suppressor. Plants of the indicated genotypes were spray-inoculated with <i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> pv. <i>tomato</i> isolate DC3000 (<i>Pto</i>) at an OD₆₀₀ of 0.1 when they were 18 days old. (B) PR1 Western blot of the indicated genotypes at day zero and three days post inoculation with <i>Pto</i>, inoculated as described in (A). The arrow indicates the position of PR1 (14 kDa). The same membrane was probed with anti-RuBisCO, as a loading and transferring control. The signal produced by anti-PR1 was quantified and normalized against the control of anti-RuBisCO. The data is shown in arbitrary units, where the amount in Col-0 inoculated with <i>Pto</i> is equal to one. (C) Growth of <i>Pto</i>(<i>avrRpm1</i>) in the suppressor. <i>rpm1</i> is included as a control. (D) Growth of <i>Pto</i>(<i>avrRpt2</i>) in the suppressor. <i>rps2</i> is added as a control. (E) Growth of <i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> pv. <i>phaseolicola</i> isolate NPS3121 in the suppressor. (F) Growth of <i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> pv. <i>tabaci</i> in the suppressor. In both (E) and (F) <i>nho1</i> is used as a control. In the panels (C) to (F), 28 day-old plants were inoculated by hand infiltration with bacterial suspension at an OD₆₀₀ of 2×10E-4, since it is the best way to characterize these resistances. The data represent the average and the standard deviation of three measurements, and in all the figures, the experiments were repeated three times with similar results. The letters above the bars indicate different homogeneous groups with statistically significant differences (Fisher's LSD Test, P<0.05).</p