Crimes Involving Moral Turpitude: In Search of a Moral Approach to Immoral Crimes

(Excerpt) This Note seeks to demonstrate that the term moral turpitude is sufficiently ambiguous to warrant judicial deference to the Attorney General\u27s opinion in Silva-Trevino. Part I explains the origins of crimes involving moral turpitude as grounds for removal and inadmissibility, and how courts have historically defined which crimes fit within this category. Even though courts do not dispute the general definition of moral turpitude, this Note explains how legislation that centers on subjective issues like morality is inherently ambiguous. Part II explains the shortfalls of the approach derived from case law prior to Silva-Trevino, largely because of the variation observed between courts, and details the Attorney General\u27s solution described in Silva-Trevino. It also details the inconsistencies that resulted from not having a uniform approach. While some argue that the third step articulated in Silva-Trevino creates substantial problems by granting courts too much discretion, this Note aims to explain why the step is necessary and how it resolves problems with the approach the opinion seeks to replace. Part III details why the reviewing courts must find that the INA is ambiguous and argue for deference to the test adopted in Silva-Trevino. It also shows that the controversial third step proves essential in only a limited number of cases, thereby alleviating concerns that the approach opens the door to relitigating the facts of these cases

Crimes Involving Moral Turpitude: In Search of a Moral Approach to Immoral Crimes

(Excerpt) This Note seeks to demonstrate that the term moral turpitude is sufficiently ambiguous to warrant judicial deference to the Attorney General\u27s opinion in Silva-Trevino. Part I explains the origins of crimes involving moral turpitude as grounds for removal and inadmissibility, and how courts have historically defined which crimes fit within this category. Even though courts do not dispute the general definition of moral turpitude, this Note explains how legislation that centers on subjective issues like morality is inherently ambiguous. Part II explains the shortfalls of the approach derived from case law prior to Silva-Trevino, largely because of the variation observed between courts, and details the Attorney General\u27s solution described in Silva-Trevino. It also details the inconsistencies that resulted from not having a uniform approach. While some argue that the third step articulated in Silva-Trevino creates substantial problems by granting courts too much discretion, this Note aims to explain why the step is necessary and how it resolves problems with the approach the opinion seeks to replace. Part III details why the reviewing courts must find that the INA is ambiguous and argue for deference to the test adopted in Silva-Trevino. It also shows that the controversial third step proves essential in only a limited number of cases, thereby alleviating concerns that the approach opens the door to relitigating the facts of these cases

The Charlotte (TM) intra-vehicular robot

NASA has identified telerobotics and telescience as essential technologies to reduce the crew extra-vehicular activity (EVA) and intra-vehicular activity (IVA) workloads. Under this project, we are developing and flight testing a novel IVA robot to relieve the crew of tedious and routine tasks. Through ground telerobotic control of this robot, we will enable ground researchers to routinely interact with experiments in space. Our approach is to develop an IVA robot system incrementally by employing a series of flight tests with increasing complexity. This approach has the advantages of providing an early IVA capability that can assist the crew, demonstrate capabilities that ground researchers can be confident of in planning for future experiments, and allow incremental refinement of system capabilities and insertion of new technology. In parallel with this approach to flight testing, we seek to establish ground test beds, in which the requirements of payload experimenters can be further investigated. In 1993 we reviewed manifested SpaceHab experiments and defined IVA robot requirements to assist in their operation. We also examined previous IVA robot designs and assessed them against flight requirements. We rejected previous design concepts on the basis of threat to crew safety, operability, and maintainability. Based on this insight, we developed an entirely new concept for IVA robotics, the CHARLOTTE robot system. Ground based testing of a prototype version of the system has already proven its ability to perform most common tasks demanded of the crew, including operation of switches, buttons, knobs, dials, and performing video surveys of experiments and switch panels

The role of phospholipids in nutrition and metabolism of teleost fish

It has been known for almost 25 years now that inclusion of intact phospholipids in the diet could improve culture performance of various freshwater and marine fish species. The primary beneficial effect was improved growth in both larvae and early juveniles, but also increased survival rates and decreased incidence of malformation in larvae, and perhaps increased stress resistance. Determination of absolute dietary requirements has been hampered by the use, in different dietary trials, of a wide range of phospholipid preparations that can vary greatly both in phospholipid content and class composition. Larval studies have been compromised further by the need on many occasions to supply phospholipid through enrichment of live feeds with subsequent re-modelling of the phospholipid and fatty acid compositions. Generally, the levels of phospholipid requirement are around 2 - 4% of diet for juvenile fish and probably higher in larval fish. The effects were restricted to young fish, as a requirement for dietary phospholipids has not been established for adult fish, although this has been virtually unstudied. As the majority of studies have used crude mixed phospholipid preparations, particularly soybean lecithin, but also other plant phospholipids and egg yolk lecithin, that are enriched in several phospholipids, it has been difficult to elucidate which specific phospholipid classes impart beneficial effects. Based on the few studies where single pure phospholipid species have been used, the rank order for efficacy appears to be phosphatidylcholine > phosphatidylinositol > phosphatidylethanolamine > phosphatidylserine. The efficacy of other phospholipid classes or sphingolipids is not known. The mechanism underpinning the role of the phospholipids in larval and early juvenile fish must also explain their lack of effect in adult fish. The role of phospholipids appears to be independent of fatty acid requirements although the presence of an unsaturated fatty acid at the sn-2 position may be important. Similarly, the phospholipid requirement is not related to the delivery of other essential dietary components such as the bases choline and inositol. Studies also suggested that the phospholipid effect was not due to generally enhanced emulsification and digestion of lipids. Rather the evidence led to the hypothesis that early developing stages of fish had impaired ability to transport dietary lipids away from the intestine possibly through limitations in lipoprotein synthesis. The current hypothesis is that the enzymic location of the limitation is actually in phospholipid biosynthesis, perhaps the production of the glycerophosphobase backbone and that dietary supplementation with intact phospholipids in larvae and juvenile fish compensated for this. Thus, dietary phospholipids increase the efficiency of transport of dietary fatty acids and lipids from the gut to the rest of the body possibly through enhanced lipoprotein synthesis

Clinical characteristics, treatment patterns and outcomes of Hispanic hypertensive patients

Hispanics are the largest and fastest-growing minority population in the United States, currently comprising about 16.3% (52 million) of the total population. With an increased prevalence of metabolic risk factors in this population, the rate of uncontrolled hypertension (HTN) in Hispanics significantly exceeds the rates observed among non-Hispanic blacks and whites. Unfortunately, data on HTN in Hispanics remains limited due to the under-representation of Hispanics in clinical trials; with most of the data primarily restricted to observational and retrospective subgroup analyses. This article aims to review the available data on prevalence, awareness and control of HTN, risk factors and some of the challenges unique to the Hispanics population. We also discuss treatment strategies derived from large HTN trials that included Hispanics

Architecture, Voltage and Components for a Turboelectric Distributed Propulsion Electric Grid

The development of a wholly superconducting turboelectric distributed propulsion system presents hide unique opportunities for the aerospace industry. However, this transition from normally conducting systems to superconducting systems significantly increases the equipment complexity necessary to manage the electrical power systems. Due to the low technology readiness level (TRL) nature of all components and systems, current Turboelectric Distributed Propulsion (TeDP) technology developments are driven by an ambiguous set of system-level electrical integration standards for an airborne microgrid system (Figure 1). While multiple decades' worth of advancements are still required for concept realization, current system-level studies are necessary to focus the technology development, target specific technological shortcomings, and enable accurate prediction of concept feasibility and viability. An understanding of the performance sensitivity to operating voltages and an early definition of advantageous voltage regulation standards for unconventional airborne microgrids will allow for more accurate targeting of technology development. Propulsive power-rated microgrid systems necessitate the introduction of new aircraft distribution system voltage standards. All protection, distribution, control, power conversion, generation, and cryocooling equipment are affected by voltage regulation standards. Information on the desired operating voltage and voltage regulation is required to determine nominal and maximum currents for sizing distribution and fault isolation equipment, developing machine topologies and machine controls, and the physical attributes of all component shielding and insulation. Voltage impacts many components and system performance

Quantitative trait loci controlling agronomic and biochemical traits in \u3ci\u3eCannabis sativa\u3c/i\u3e

Understanding the genetic basis of complex traits is a fundamental goal of evolutionary genetics. Yet, the genetics controlling complex traits in many important species such as hemp (Cannabis sativa) remain poorly investigated. Because hemp’s change in legal status with the 2014 and 2018 U.S. Federal Farm Bills, interest in the genetics controlling its numerous agriculturally important traits has steadily increased. To better understand the genetics of agriculturally important traits in hemp, we developed an F2 population by crossing two phenotypically distinct hemp cultivars (Carmagnola and USO31). Using whole-genome sequencing, we mapped quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with variation in numerous agronomic and biochemical traits. A total of 69 loci associated with agronomic (34) and biochemical (35) trait variation were identified. We found that most QTL co-localized, suggesting that the phenotypic distinctions between Carmagnola and USO31 are largely controlled by a small number of loci. We identified TINY and olivetol synthase as candidate genes underlying colocalized QTL clusters for agronomic and biochemical traits, respectively. We functionally validated the olivetol synthase candidate by expressing the alleles in yeast. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry assays of extracts from these yeast colonies suggest that the USO31 olivetol synthase is functionally less active and potentially explains why USO31 produces lower cannabinoids compared to Carmagnola. Overall, our results help modernize the genomic understanding of complex traits in hemp

Effects of different blends of protein sources as alternatives to dietary fishmeal on growth performance and body lipid composition of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

Recently, we reported that growth of Atlantic salmon was reduced as dietary fishmeal (FM) was lowered from 25 % to 5 % in dual-substituted feeds compared to a control diet, formulated to represent the current upper levels of substitution of FM and fish oil. In the present study, the effects of different alternative protein blends and binders on growth of salmon fed dual-substituted feeds containing only 11 % FM, and with 60 % of dietary fish oil replaced by rapeseed oil were investigated. Salmon of initial weight 1.3 kg were grown to market size (> 3 kg) over a period of 19 weeks. Salmon fed the diets with reduced FM showed lower final weight, SGR and TGC, associated with reduced feed intake. There was a tendency for increased FCR in fish fed the diets containing reduced FM although this was not significant, and there was no effect on PER. There were no significant effects on digestibility of protein or fat but the two parameters varied reciprocally and there were clear trends of increased protein and lower fat digestibilities in fish fed diets with reduced FM. Although lipid and fatty acid compositions did not vary greatly between diets there were significant effects on fish tissue compositions. Thus, liver lipid was generally reduced in fish fed diets with lower FM, significantly so in two of the four treatments. The proportions of monoenes were significantly lower and those of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) significantly higher in flesh and liver of fish fed diets with reduced levels of FM. The increased proportions of PUFA were due to increased percentages of 20:4n-6, 20:5n-3, 22:5n-3 and, although not consistently significant, 22:6n-3. The mechanisms for these unexpected effects of diet on tissue lipids and fatty acids are discussed