Fair Use Challenges in Academic and Research Libraries

Summarizes findings from a survey of librarians on the application of fair use in copyright practice to fulfill libraries' missions of teaching and learning support, scholarship support preservation, exhibition, and public outreach

My Sister is My Role Model: Why Girls Choose Science

Increasing the number of people who choose science is of national importance for both the economy and scientific dominance (Wang, 2013). Women and girls are underrepresented in science, technology, engineering, and math, or STEM, fields their numbers are increasing, however, they are doing so disproportionally. Women are a minority in fields such as engineering and computer science, but are well-represented in the biological sciences. This mixed methods study investigated the intersection of gender and science identity and how girls formed science identities. This study used Mann-Whitney U tests to analyze the Likert scale data and both a priori and inductive coding to analyze the focus group discussion data. Two differences were identified between boys and girls. The first was that girls rated themselves as less able to get good science grades than boys and they were less comfortable talking to people who worked in science careers. The focus group data showed that girls stated approachable teachers and friendly classmates with a common interest were valued by girls in science classes. Emphasizing a growth mindset can offset girls’ self-assessment of achieving less satisfactory grades than boys. Girls mentioned that they enjoyed learning about the world through science. Intentionally developing teachers’ and students’ worldview may help create more inclusive climates. More inclusive and collaborative educational climates can better model the larger scientific community where sharing and communication are encouraged

The teaching of grammar in grades 7-8-9-10

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston Universit

An Analysis Of The Role Of The Division Director Or The Associate Dean In The Community College

Many community colleges have three levels of administration. The first level is the chief administrator, the second level is the group of deans or vice presidents, and the third level is the group of division directors or the associate deans. This descriptive dissertation examines the third level administrator who manages in the instructional areas in relation to the perception of the role utilizing Guba and Getzel\u27s Administrative Theory of Social Systems. Employing a selective sampling throughout the United States over five hundred third level administrators responded to a survey which asked them to describe their general responsibilities, their current issues and frustrations, and the perceptions of their role. The study includes the perceptions of the respondants of the role of the third level adminstrators. In addition there are recommendations for reform to make the institution more effective in relation to the role of the third level administrator

Molecular mimicry as a possible pathogenetic mechanism in primary biliary cirrhosis.

Data are presented to support the hypothesis that a bacterial component, through the presence of cross-reactive epitopes on M2, the highly conserved primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) mitochondrial autoantigen, and its bacterial counterparts, may be responsible for initiating an autoimmune response in PBC through "molecular mimicry". Urinary tract infection (UTI) was more common in PBC patients than in other chronic liver disease (CLD) controls. Significant low titre anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA) were detected in females with a history of recurrent UTI but with no evidence of liver disease when compared to other CLD patients and normal controls. Furthermore, bacterial rough mutants were detected in the infected urine of PBC and "normal" women with UTI but not in CLD patients, despite being present in the faeces of all three groups. These findings suggest that AMA induction may be specific to UTI. Cross-reactivity was demonstrated between the M2 antigens using crude bovine mitochondrial preparations, affinity purified antibodies and western blotting (WB). Use of purified M2 antigens showed that cross-reactivity was dependent on antigen load. In addition, cross-reactivity was demonstrated between PBC sera and a range of microorganisms. Reactivity on WB was with two antigenic bands with molecular weights equivalent to two of the M2 antigenic bands. Conversely, anti-bacterial antibodies cross-reacted with the equivalent M2 antigens. The M2 autoantigen was further characterized on human cultured biliary epithelial cells (BEC). No notable cross-reactivity was demonstrated between the M2 autoantigens, only two of which were reactive with eluted PBC autoantibodies. Normal and diseased BEC were equally reactive. A database search revealed a motif in the immunodominant region of the E2 molecule of M2 with strong sequence homologies to a region of HLA DR? normally presented by other MHC class II antigens. This HLA DR? peptide was also found to resemble other protein sequences known to be associated with autoimmune disease. How these sequence similarities might initiate an autoimmune process in PBC is discussed