Seric mineral concentrations and hepatic and renal functions of chickens intoxicated by aflatoxin and treated with sodic montmorillonite

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as concentrações séricas de minerais e as funções hepática e renal de frangos de corte intoxicados, experimentalmente, com 3 ppm de aflatoxina, e submetidos a diferentes concentrações de montmorilonita sódica na dieta. Foram utilizados 720 frangos, machos, da linhagem Cobb, divididos em seis tratamentos: T1, dieta normal; T2, dieta com aflatoxina (3 ppm); T3, dieta com montmorilonita sódica (0,25%); T4, dieta com aflatoxina (3 ppm) + montmorilonita sódica (0,25%); T5, dieta com montmorilonita sódica (0,5%); T6, dieta com aflatoxina (3 ppm) + montmorilonita sódica (0,5%), com seis repetições por tratamento. A dieta com 3 ppm de aflatoxina (T2) resultou em uma diminuição significativa na concentração sérica de proteínas totais, albumina, globulinas e aspartato amino transferase; a concentração sérica de ácido úrico diminuiu, significativamente, na dieta com aflatoxina (3 ppm) + momtmorilonita sódica a 0,25%; ocorreu diminuição significativa nas concentrações séricas de fósforo na dieta com aflatoxina + montmorilonita sódica a 0,5%. A aflatoxina na concentração de 3 ppm altera a função hepática de frangos de corte; o uso da montmorilonita sódica, na concentração de 0,5%, é eficaz na prevenção dos efeitos tóxicos da aflatoxina, mas diminui os níveis séricos de fósforo.The objective of this work was to evaluate the seric mineral concentrations and the hepatic and renal functions of broiler chicken, experimentally intoxicated with 3 ppm of aflatoxin, and submitted to different concentrations of sodic montmorillonite in the diet. In this study 720 Cobb's male broiler chickens were used, which were divided in six treatments: T1, normal diet; T2, diet with aflatoxin (3 ppm); T3, diet with sodic montmorillonite (0.25%); T4, diet with aflatoxin (3 ppm) + sodic montmorillonite (0.25%); T5, diet with sodic montmorillonite (0.50%); T6, diet with aflatoxin (3 ppm) + sodic montmorillonite (0.5%); with six repetitions of each treatment. The diet with 3 ppm of aflatoxin resulted in a significant decrease in serum concentrations of total protein, albumin, globulins and aspartate aminotransferase; there was significant decrease of seric concentration of uric acid in the diet with aflatoxin (3 ppm) + 0.25% sodic montmorillonite; in the diet with aflatoxin + 0.5% sodic montmorillonite there was significant decrease in seric concentrations of phosphorus. Aflatoxin in the diet (3 ppm) causes change in the hepatic function of broiler chickens. The use of 0.5% sodic montmorillonite is effective in preventing the toxic effects of aflatoxins, but causes decrease in phosphorus seric levels

Tripanossomose em equinos na região sul do Brasil

Background:  :  :  : Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi) is a protozoan which causes trypanosomosis in livestock in many countries of Southeast Asia, Africa and South America. Patterns of disease vary from acute epidemics with high case-fatality rates to subclinical and/or chronic disease in endemic animal populations. It is a problem of great economic importance due to the death of sick animals and high cost of treatment. This article aims to review the outbreaks of the infection by T. evansi in horses that occurred in southern Brazil. Review: These outbreaks were discussed in terms of epidemiology, clinical signs, laboratory tests, pathological findings, diagnosis and treatment by addressing the differences between the cases occurred in the state of Rio Grande do Sul and in other Brazilian states. The outbreaks due to T. evansi in livestock animals are endemic in warm-climate areas. At the Rio Grande do Sul state, most of the equine trypanosomosis occurs in the summer. This can be easily explained by the high number of bloodsucking insects, which are responsible for the mechanical transmission of the flagellate among the animals. Clinical signs such as progressive weight loss, lethargy, incoordination, instability, atrophy and paralysis of the hind limbs, difficulty in standing and walking, subcutaneous edema and abortion are often reported in T. evansi-infected equines. Anemia is the clinical alteration most observed in these infections, although its pathogenicity still remains unclear. In the present study anemia was associated with lipid peroxidation and decrease in serum iron levels and in acetylcholinesterase activity. Necropsy alterations found in the outbreaks reported in the Rio Grande do Sul state are commonly described in infections by T. evansi, except by the neurological alterations as necrotizing encephalitis of the white matter associated with edema, demyelinization and perivascular lymphoplasmocytic infiltrate. The diagnosis of the equine trypanosomosis was based on morphology and biometry of the trypomastigote forms in peripheral blood smears stained with Quick Panoptic or Giemsa methods, immunohistochemic, xenodiagnostic, and PCR T. evansi-specific. A new therapeutic protocol using diminazene aceturate at a dose of 7 mg kg-1 was tested in one of the outbreaks. This approach cured all the infected animals. Conclusion: Although T. evansi was diagnosed for the first time in Rio Grande do Sul state in 2002, veterinary clinicians have reported clinical signs such as paralysis of the pelvic members, fever and weight loss since the 80’s and 90’s. Therefore, the lack of knowledge of the disease might have been responsible for the unpublished data. Another hypothesis is the suspect of babesiosis, since both illnesses have marked anemia and hyperthermia. Moreover, as the diminazene aceturate has trypanocidal and babesicidal action, animals may have been misdiagnosed with babesiosis and may have recovered from the T. evansi infection. Only few researches on trypanosomosis are found in the southern region of Brazil. Prevalence studies with more sensible techniques are necessary in order to clarify the spread of the disease and the economic losses that it causes to farmers

Diabete insípido central em um cão Central diabetes insipidus in a dog

Descreve-se um caso de diabete insípido central em um cão, fêmea, nove anos de idade, sem raça definida, com história de poliúria e polidipsia há 18 meses. Com o exame físico, nenhuma alteração sistêmica foi elucidada. Já nos exames laboratoriais complementares, observou-se policitemia e hiperproteinemia, e a densidade específica da urina (1002) encontrava-se abaixo do limiar fisiológico. O animal foi submetido à privação hídrica e se mostrou incapaz de concentrar a urina durante as sete horas observadas, tempo que levou para apresentar 5% de desidratação. Após isso, foi administrado acetato de desmopressina e, 5 horas após, a densidade estava em 1028, confirmando o diabete insípido de origem central. O animal recebeu terapia à base de acetato de desmopressina, apresentando melhora do quadro clínico.A case of central diabetes insipidus in a nine-year-old female dog is described. The dog presented intermitent polyuria and polydipsia in the past 18 months. In the clinical exam, complete blood count, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, BUN, creatinine, glucose and calcium dosages were normal. However, the specific urine gravity was low and presented the value 1002. The dog was unable to concentrate the urine during the seven hours of water deprivation test and presented 5% of dehydratation. The administration of desmopressin acetate elevated the specific urine gravity to 1028 five hours after the beginning of the treatment, confirming the diagnosis of diabetes insipidus of central origin

Cão naturalmente infectado por Trypanosoma evansi em Santa Maria, RS, Brasil Dog naturally infected by Trypanosoma evansi in Santa Maria, RS, Brasil

Descreve-se, neste trabalho, as alterações hematológicas e o proteinograma de um cão naturalmente infectado por Trypanosoma evansi. Este animal apresentou anemia normocítica normocrômica, leucopenia com linfopenia seguida por neutropenia e linfocitose; trombocitopenia; hiperproteinemia com aumento das frações beta e gama globulinas e hipoalbuminemia. Por ser este o primeiro relato de infecção por T. evansi em cães no município de Santa Maria, RS, destaca-se a sua importância epidemiológica, alertando os médicos veterinários para a existência de reservatórios do parasita na região e para a possibilidade de novos achados laboratoriais.This paper describes the hematological alterations and proteinogram of a dog naturally infected by Trypanosoma evansi. This dog was presented with normochromic-normocytic anemia, leucopenia with lymphopenia followed for neutrophenia and lymphocitosis; and trombocitopenia. Hyperproteinemia with an increase of beta and gamma globulin fractions and hypoalbuminemia. By being the first case reported of T. evansi infection in dogs in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, the epidemiological significance of such findings will alert the veterinarians to the existence of a possible parasite's reservoir in the region warning to the possibility of new laboratory findings

Relationship between parasitemia and leukogram in Trypanosoma evansi infected cats / <br> Relação parasitemia e leucograma de gatos infectados com Trypanosoma evansi

Trypanosoma evansi is a protozoan which causes trypanosomosis in livestock in many countries of Southeast Asia, Africa and South America. We chose to use cats in our study due to the facility to handle the animals and the lack of studies involving the trypanosomosis in this species. The aim of this study was to analyze the leukogram of domestic cats experimentally infected with T. evansi and its correlation to the parasitemia. Thirteen animals were divided into two groups. Seven animals were infected with T. evansi and six were used as negative control. Parasitemia was estimated daily by microscopic examination of smears. Blood samples for leukogram were collected at days 0, 7, 21, 35 and 49. The parasitemia peak was recorded at day five post-inoculation. Thereafter, irregular waves of parasitemia were observed, ranging from zero to three trypomastigotes per microscopic field. Increased number of total leukocytes (day 49), monocytes (days 7, 35 and 49), segmented (day 49) and nonsegmented neuthrophils (day 35), and decreased number of lymphocytes and eosinophils (days 21, 35 and 49) were observed (P < 0.05). Cats infected with T. evansi have leukocytosis, neutrophilia, monocytosis, lymphopenia and eosinopenia. However, no relationship between parasitemia peaks and white blood cells was observed, except by the monocytes in day 7.<p><p>Trypanosoma evansi é um protozoário que causa a tripanossomose em animais de muitos países do sudeste da Ásia, África e América do Sul. Optamos por utilizar os gatos em nosso estudo, devido à facilidade de manipular os animais e a falta de estudos envolvendo a tripanossomose nesta espécie. Deste modo, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar alterações no leucograma de felinos domésticos infectados experimentalmente por T. evansi e relacionar com a parasitemia. Foram utilizados 13 gatos, divididos em dois grupos. Sete deles foram infectados com T. evansi e o restante foram utilizados como grupo controle negativo. Os animais foram monitorados diariamente através de esfregaço sanguíneo. Nos dias 0, 7, 21, 35 e 49 de experimento, foram coletadas amostras de sangue para avaliação do leucograma. O pico de parasitemia ocorreu cinco dias após inoculação, após este período o número de parasitos reduziu e manteve-se com picos irregulares, variando de zero a três tripomastigotas/campo. Na pesquisa foi verificado aumento (P < 0,05) do número de leucócitos totais (dia 49), bastonetes (dia 35), neutrofilos segmentados (dia 49) e monócitos (dias 7, 35 e 49) e redução de linfocitos e eosinofilos (dias 21, 35 e 49). Gatos infectados com T. evansi apresentam leucocitose, neutrofilia, monocitose, linfopenia e eosinopenia. Porém, não foi verificado relação entre os picos de parasitemia e alteração no número de globulos brancos circulantes, com execção dos monócitos no dia 7

Biomarcadores inflamatórios e indicadores de estresse oxidativo em cadelas submetidas à ovariossalpingohisterectomia convencional, por NOTES híbrida e NOTES total

Objetivou-se comparar a resposta inflamatória e o perfil oxidativo da técnica de ovariossalpingohisterectomia (OSH) convencional com duas técnicas de Cirurgia Endoscópica por Orifícios Naturais (NOTES). Foram utilizados 15 fêmeas, alocadas em três grupos de cinco animais. No primeiro grupo, a OSH foi realizada por celiotomia convencional, no segundo, por NOTES total e, no terceiro, por NOTES híbrida. Foram realizadas as coletas sanguíneas antes do procedimento cirúrgico (basal), 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 e 72h pós-operatórias. A atividade da catalase manteve-se alta nos três grupos estudados, entretanto a peroxidação lipídica, medida pelos níveis dos produtos de reação com o ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), ocorreu mais acentuadamente no grupo convencional e foi quase que imperceptível no grupo de NOTES total. Nos três grupos estudados, ocorreu elevação na atividade da butirilcolinesterase e acetilcolinesterases, bem como aumento leucocitário neutrofílico nas primeiras horas pós-cirúrgicas. Conclui-se que a inflamação sistêmica acontece de forma similar nas três técnicas operatórias, com ressalva para as realizadas por NOTES total que mantiveram as mais baixas taxas oxidativas