AVALIAÇÃO DO POTENCIAL ANTIOXIDANTE DOS EXTRATOS DA MADEIRA DO CAFEEIRO PRODUZIDOS EM DIFERENTES SISTEMAS DE CULTIVOS

A produção nacional de café gera uma grande quantidade de resíduos como cascas e madeiras devido à substituição de plantios antigos. O estudo químico da madeira auxilia a compreender a composição dos seus constituintes e pode agregar valor ao resíduo. Assim, os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar o potencial antioxidante e os teores de compostos fenólicos e flavonoides dos extratos da madeira do cafeeiro de duas cultivares diferentes e produzidas em diferentes sistemas de cultivo. De acordo com os resultados, a amostra que apresentou melhores resultados foi a variedade Catuaí cultivada no sistema Natural, apresentando 28,02 mg EAG/100mg do extrato para compostos fenólicos, 18,49 mg EQ/100mg do extrato para flavonoides e 34,5% de sequestro do DPPH• o que sugere que está condição favorece o potencial antioxidante da madeira do cafeeiro.ABSTRACTNational coffee production generates a large amount of waste such as bark and wood due to the replacement of old plantations. The chemical study of wood helps to understand the composition of its constituents and it can add value to the residue. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the antioxidant potential and the levels of phenolic compounds and flavonoids extracts of coffee wood from two different cultivars and produced in different cropping systems. According to the results, the sample which showed best results was the Catuaí variety which is grown in the natural system, showing 28.02 mg EAG/100 mg of the extract for phenolic compounds, 18.49 mg Eq/100 mg of the extract to flavonoids and 34.5% of the DPPH•, which suggests that this condition favors the antioxidant potential of the wood of the coffee plant

Arming Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells Against Cancer: Has the Time Come?

Since mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) were discovered, researchers have been drawn to study their peculiar biological features, including their immune privileged status and their capacity to selectively migrate into inflammatory areas, including tumors. These properties make MSCs promising cellular vehicles for the delivery of therapeutic molecules in the clinical setting. In recent decades, the engineering of MSCs into biological vehicles carrying anticancer compounds has been achieved in different ways, including the loadingof MSCs with chemotherapeutics or drug functionalized nanoparticles (NPs), genetic modifications to force the production of anticancer proteins, and the use of oncolytic viruses. Recently, it has been demonstrated that wild-type and engineered MSCs can release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that contain therapeutic agents. Despite the enthusiasm for MSCs as cyto-pharmaceutical agents, many challenges, including controlling the fate of MSCs after administration, must still be considered. Preclinical results demonstrated that MSCs accumulate in lung, liver, and spleen, which could prevent their engraftment into tumor sites. For this reason, physical, physiological, and biological methods have been implemented to increase MSC concentration in the target tumors. Currently, there are more than 900 registered clinical trials using MSCs. Only a small fraction of these are investigating MSC-based therapies for cancer, but the number of these clinical trials is expected to increase as technology and our understanding of MSCs improve. This review will summarize MSC-based antitumor therapies to generate an increasing awareness of their potential and limits to accelerate their clinical translation

Clinical Trials with Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapies for Osteoarthritis: Challenges in the Regeneration of Articular Cartilage

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a whole-joint disease primarily characterized by the deterioration of hyaline cartilage. Current treatments include microfracture and chondrocyte implantation as early surgical strategies that can be combined with scaffolds to repair osteochondral lesions; however, intra-articular (IA) injections or implantations of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are new approaches that have presented encouraging therapeutic results in animal models and humans. We critically reviewed clinical trials with MSC therapies for OA, focusing on their effectiveness, quality, and outcomes in the regeneration of articular cartilage. Several sources of autologous or allogeneic MSCs were used in the clinical trials. Minor adverse events were generally reported, indicating that IA applications of MSCs are potentially safe. The evaluation of articular cartilage regeneration in human clinical trials is challenging, particularly in the inflammatory environment of osteoarthritic joints. Our findings indicate that IA injections of MSCs are efficacious in the treatment of OA and the regeneration of cartilage, but that they may be insufficient for the full repair of articular cartilage defects. The possible interference of clinical and quality variables in the outcomes suggests that robust clinical trials are still necessary for generating reliable evidence with which to support these treatments. We suggest that the administration of just-sufficient doses of viable cells in appropriate regimens is critical to achieve effective and durable effects. In terms of future perspectives, genetic modification, complex products with extracellular vesicles derived from MSCs, cell encapsulation in hydrogels, and 3D bioprinted tissue engineering are promising approaches with which to improve MSC therapies for OA

Fenóis totais, flavonoides totais e atividade antioxidante de Selaginella convoluta (Arn.) Spring (Selaginellaceae)

Selaginella convoluta é uma espécie conhecida no Nordeste do Brasil como “jericó”, e bastante utilizada na medicina popular para tratamento de doenças. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar o teor de compostos fenólicos e avaliar a atividade antioxidante in vitro do extrato etanólico e das frações obtidas por partição de S. convoluta. O conteúdo de fenóis totais foi determinado pelo método de Folin-Ciocalteu. O teor de flavonoides totais também foi avaliado. A atividade antioxidante dos extratos foi avaliada usando o método do sequestro do radical DPPH e inibição da auto-oxidação do sistema β-caroteno-ácido linoleico e comparada com os compostos de referência ácido ascórbico, BHA, BHT, quercetina e pirogalol. O conteúdo fenólico total foi de 209,90 ± 19,84 e 61,13 ± 2,50 mg equivalente de ácido gálico/g para os extratos AcOEt e EEB, respectivamente. O conteúdo de flavonoides totais foi de 155,70 ± 6,21 e 62,13 ± 4,10 para os dois extratos, respectivamente. Os extratos AcOEt e EEB apresentaram boas atividades antioxidantes. BHA foi o antioxidante mais efetivo, com um valor de IC50 de 1,62 ± 0,69 µg/mL. Os resultados obtidos mostram que S. convoluta pode ser uma boa fonte de compostos fenólicos antioxidantes. Estudos posteriores serão realizados para se chegar ao isolamento e identificação dos principais constituintes fenólicos dos extratos

Clinical Trials Using Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Spinal Cord Injury: Challenges in Generating Evidence

Spinal cord injury (SCI) remains an important public health problem which often causes permanent loss of muscle strength, sensation, and function below the site of the injury, generating physical, psychological, and social impacts throughout the lives of the affected individuals, since there are no effective treatments available. The use of stem cells has been investigated as a therapeutic approach for the treatment of SCI. Although a significant number of studies have been conducted in pre-clinical and clinical settings, so far there is no established cell therapy for the treatment of SCI. One aspect that makes it difficult to evaluate the efficacy is the heterogeneity of experimental designs in the clinical trials that have been published. Cell transplantation methods vary widely among the trials, and there are still no standardized protocols or recommendations for the therapeutic use of stem cells in SCI. Among the different cell types, mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are the most frequently tested in clinical trials for SCI treatment. This study reviews the clinical applications of MSCs for SCI, focusing on the critical analysis of 17 clinical trials published thus far, with emphasis on their design and quality. Moreover, it highlights the need for more evidence-based studies designed as randomized controlled trials and potential challenges to be addressed in context of stem cell therapies for SCI