Host life-history traits predict haemosporidian parasite prevalence in tanagers (Aves: Thraupidae)

Vector-borne parasites are important ecological drivers influencing life-history evolution in birds by increasing host mortality or susceptibility to new diseases. Therefore, understanding why vulnerability to infection varies within a host clade is a crucial task for conservation biology and for understanding macroecological life-history patterns. Here, we studied the relationship of avian life-history traits and climate on the prevalence of Plasmodium and Parahaemoproteus parasites. We sampled 3569 individual birds belonging to 53 species of the family Thraupidae. Individuals were captured from 2007 to 2018 at 92 locations. We created 2 phylogenetic generalized least-squares models with Plasmodium and Parahaemoproteus prevalence as our response variables, and with the following predictor variables: climate PC1, climate PC2, body size, mixed-species flock participation, incubation period, migration, nest height, foraging height, forest cover, and diet. We found that Parahaemoproteus and Plasmodium prevalence was higher in species inhabiting open habitats. Tanager species with longer incubation periods had higher Parahaemoproteus prevalence as well, and we hypothesize that these longer incubation periods overlap with maximum vector abundances, resulting in a higher probability of infection among adult hosts during their incubation period and among chicks. Lastly, we found that Plasmodium prevalence was higher in species without migratory behaviour, with mixed-species flock participation, and with an omnivorous or animal-derived diet. We discuss the consequences of higher infection prevalence in relation to life-history traits in tanagers.Fil: Aguiar de Souza Penha, Victor. Universidade Federal do Paraná; BrasilFil: Maia Chaves Bicalho Domingos, Fabricius. Universidade Federal do Paraná; BrasilFil: Fecchio, Alan. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagónica. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco". Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagónica; ArgentinaFil: Bell, Jeffrey A.. University of South Dakota; Estados UnidosFil: Weckstein, Jason D.. No especifíca;Fil: Ricklefs, Robert E.. University of Missouri; Estados UnidosFil: Martins Braga, Erika. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; BrasilFil: de Abreu Moreira, Patrícia. Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto; BrasilFil: Soares, Leticia. University of Western Australia; AustraliaFil: Latta, Steven. No especifíca;Fil: Tolesano Pascoli, Graziela. Universidade do Brasília; BrasilFil: Alquezar, Renata Duarte. Universidade do Brasília; BrasilFil: Del Claro, Kleber. Universidade Federal de Uberlandia; BrasilFil: Tonelli Manica, Lilian. Universidade Federal do Paraná; Brasi

Interaction of leptospira elongation factor tu with plasminogen and complement factor h: a metabolic leptospiral protein with moonlighting activities

The elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu), an abundant bacterial protein involved in protein synthesis, has been shown to display moonlighting activities. Known to perform more than one function at different times or in different places, it is found in several subcellular locations in a single organism, and may serve as a virulence factor in a range of important human pathogens. Here we demonstrate that Leptospira EF-Tu is surface-exposed and performs additional roles as a cell-surface receptor for host plasma proteins. It binds plasminogen in a dose-dependent manner, and lysine residues are critical for this interaction. Bound plasminogen is converted to active plasmin, which, in turn, is able to cleave the natural substrates C3b and fibrinogen. Leptospira EF-Tu also acquires the complement regulator Factor H (FH). FH bound to immobilized EF-Tu displays cofactor activity, mediating C3b degradation by Factor I (FI). In this manner, EF-Tu may contribute to leptospiral tissue invasion and complement inactivation. To our knowledge, this is the first description of a leptospiral protein exhibiting moonlighting activitiesFAPESP, 00/11624-

Gut Microbiota Is a Key Modulator of Insulin Resistance in TLR 2 Knockout Mice

A genetic and pharmacological approach reveals novel insights into how changes in gut microbiota can subvert genetically predetermined phenotypes from lean to obese

Representações sobre segurança alimentar e nutricional nos discursos de um Conselho de Alimentação Escolar

Este trabalho objetiva conhecer as representações sobre segurança alimentar e nutricional dos membros do Conselho de Alimentação Escolar de um município do oeste catarinense. O conceito de segurança alimentar e nutricional consiste na realização do direito de todos ao acesso regular e permanente a alimentos de qualidade, em quantidade suficiente, sem comprometer o acesso a outras necessidades essenciais, tendo como base práticas alimentares promotoras da saúde, que respeitem a diversidade cultural e que sejam ambiental, cultural, econômica e socialmente sustentáveis. O Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar é uma das mais importantes estratégias adotadas pelo Governo Federal com vistas à melhoria das condições de segurança alimentar e nutricional da população escolar. Os Conselhos de Alimentação Escolar são estruturas flexíveis de gestão dessa política pública, pela via do controle social. Este se trata de um estudo transversal qualitativo, que adota o referencial teórico-metodológico da análise de conteúdo e da teoria das representações sociais. São entrevistados todos os membros do conselho municipal de alimentação escolar (n=14). As falas são agrupadas em categorias, sendo as mais citadas: higiene (n=12), qualidade nutricional (n=8), aceitabilidade (n=4) e acesso regular (n=3). As categorias sustentabilidade e direito à alimentação não são citadas. A configuração do conselho sugere pouca representatividade. Os resultados indicam a necessidade de qualificação dos conselhos no sentido da construção de uma participação social comprometida e de uma compreensão ampliada sobre segurança alimentar e nutricional, de forma a contribuir para o exercício de um controle social efetivo e sintonizado com a política de alimentação escolar.This study aimed to investigate the representations on food security of the members of a School Feeding Board in a city located in the western region of the State of Santa Catarina. The concept of Food Security consists in the fulfillment of the right of all to regular and permanent access to high-quality food, in sufficient quantity, without compromising the access to other essential needs, based on health promoting food practices that respect cultural diversity and which are environmentally, culturally, economically and socially sustainable. The National School Feeding Program is one of the most important strategies adopted by the Federal Government to improve food security conditions of students. The School Feeding Boards are flexible structures for the management of this public policy by means of social control. This is a cross-sectional study with a qualitative approach which adopted the theoretical and methodological framework of content analysis and of social representations theory. All the members of the School Feeding Board (n=14) were interviewed. The answers were grouped into categories, and the most cited ones were: hygiene (n=12), nutritional quality (n=8), acceptability (n=4) and regular access (n=3). The categories sustainability and right to food were not mentioned by the interviewees. The board's configuration suggested little representation. The results indicate the need for qualification of the boards in order to construct a committed social participation and an expanded understanding about food security, so as to contribute to the exercise of effective social control, in tune with the school feeding policy