461 research outputs found

    : Initial considerations based on a study of the diffusion of stormwater drainage " alternatives techniques " and Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems - 1970-2010. The Cases of the Lyon Conurbation and Wales

    Get PDF
    The PREPARED Programme considers climate changes through a lens of urbanisation processes and urban water management1. It supposes that today's cities, and especially cities in industrialised countries, are not ready to face events resulting from climate changes such as increases in weather hazards (flooding, droughts) and their potential consequences (population migrations, etc.)2. This multidisciplinary research programme -including engineering and social sciences- focuses on the answers to bring forward when faced with these changes in terms of urban water management: modification of technical devices, reorganisation of services, changes in modes of government and decision-making, etc. It seeks to define new technical, organisational, and social norms and to consider possible modes for their diffusion3. The contribution of the team to the PREPARED Programme and in particular to Work Area 6, "Towards an Adaptive Water Sensitive City Future", relates to the latter aspect. It aims at better understanding possible conditions for a change in norms and paradigms in activities relative to urban water management, and thus a better understanding of favourable or unfavourable factors for planned changes. For this, it relies on an analysis of the diffusion of technical devices considered as alternatives to urban sewer systems since the 1970

    Changements climatiques et résistances aux changements: PremiÚres considérations à partir de l'étude de la diffusion des " techniques alternatives " d'assainissement - 1970-2010. Les cas de l'agglomération lyonnaise et du pays de Galles,

    Get PDF
    existe une version en anglais dĂ©posĂ©e dans HALLe programme PREPARED envisage les changements climatiques à l'aune des processus d'urbanisation et de la gestion des eaux urbaines1. Il suppose que les villes actuelles, en particulier les villes des pays industriels, ne sont pas en état de faire face aux évènements induits par les changements climatiques (multiplication des intempéries, inondations, sécheresses, déplacements de populations, etc.2). Ce programme de recherche pluridisciplinaire (sciences de l'ingénieur et SHS) porte sur les réponses à apporter à ces changements en matière de gestion des eaux urbaines : modification des dispositifs techniques, réorganisation des services, évolution des modes de gouvernement et de prises de décision, etc. Il s'attache à définir de nouvelles normes techniques, organisationnelles et sociales et à considérer les modalités possibles de leur diffusion3. La contribution de l'équipe au programme PREPARED et en particulier au Work Area 6 " Towards an Adaptative Water Sensitive City Future " intéresse ce dernier aspect. Elle vise à mieux connaître les conditions possibles d'un changement de normes et de paradigmes dans les activités relatives à la gestion des eaux urbaines et par là à mieux comprendre les facteurs favorables ou défavorables aux changements projetés. Pour cela, elle s'appuie sur l'analyse de la diffusion de techniques alternatives au réseau d'assainissement depuis les années 197

    Comparative analysis of two methods for measuring sales volumes during malaria medicine outlet surveys.

    Get PDF
    BACKGROUND: There is increased interest in using commercial providers for improving access to quality malaria treatment. Understanding their current role is an essential first step, notably in terms of the volume of diagnostics and anti-malarials they sell. Sales volume data can be used to measure the importance of different provider and product types, frequency of parasitological diagnosis and impact of interventions. Several methods for measuring sales volumes are available, yet all have methodological challenges and evidence is lacking on the comparability of different methods. METHODS: Using sales volume data on anti-malarials and rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for malaria collected through provider recall (RC) and retail audits (RA), this study measures the degree of agreement between the two methods at wholesale and retail commercial providers in Cambodia following the Bland-Altman approach. Relative strengths and weaknesses of the methods were also investigated through qualitative research with fieldworkers. RESULTS: A total of 67 wholesalers and 107 retailers were sampled. Wholesale sales volumes were estimated through both methods for 62 anti-malarials and 23 RDTs and retail volumes for 113 anti-malarials and 33 RDTs. At wholesale outlets, RA estimates for anti-malarial sales were on average higher than RC estimates (mean difference of four adult equivalent treatment doses (95% CI 0.6-7.2)), equivalent to 30% of mean sales volumes. For RDTs at wholesalers, the between-method mean difference was not statistically significant (one test, 95% CI -6.0-4.0). At retail outlets, between-method differences for both anti-malarials and RDTs increased with larger volumes being measured, so mean differences were not a meaningful measure of agreement between the methods. Qualitative research revealed that in Cambodia where sales volumes are small, RC had key advantages: providers were perceived to remember more easily their sales volumes and find RC less invasive; fieldworkers found it more convenient; and it was cheaper to implement than RA. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS: Both RA and RC had implementation challenges and were prone to data collection errors. Choice of empirical methods is likely to have important implications for data quality depending on the study context

    Régionalisation en analyse du cycle de vie : Analyse conséquentielle des filiÚres alternatives pour le transport en france

    Get PDF
    RÉSUMÉ: Prendre une dĂ©cision dans une perspective de dĂ©veloppement durable nĂ©cessite d’évaluer ses bienfaits Ă©conomiques, sociaux et environnementaux, et donc de sa durabilitĂ©. L’Analyse du Cycle de Vie (ACV) environnementale est un des outils d’évaluation de la durabilitĂ©, dans la mesure oĂč il permet d’évaluer les impacts environnementaux potentiels des produits, services ou dĂ©cisions. Ses principales forces sont : (i) la quantification des impacts environnementaux tout au long de la chaine de valeur (vision cycle de vie : depuis l’extraction des matiĂšres premiĂšres, leur transformation, leur utilisation et leur fin de vie), et (ii) la traduction des Ă©missions et prĂ©lĂšvements vers et depuis l’environnement (inventaire) en impacts sur les changements climatiques, sur la santĂ© humaine et sur la qualitĂ© des Ă©cosystĂšmes grĂące Ă  l’utilisation de facteurs de caractĂ©risation (FC). Elle offre la possibilitĂ© d’identifier des pistes de rĂ©duction des impacts environnementaux avec une vision systĂ©mique. En particulier, l’ACV consĂ©quentielle, complĂ©mentaire Ă  l’approche attributionnelle classiquement utilisĂ©e, permet de quantifier les consĂ©quences environnementales potentielles d’une dĂ©cision, telle que la mise en place d’une politique publique ou le dĂ©veloppement de nouvelles technologies. Son utilisation s’avĂšre pertinente pour les Ă©tudes d’impact effectuĂ©es avant l’adoption d’une politique publique. Toutefois, comme pour tout outil d’évaluation, l’ACV comporte des limites. Une de ses principales limites porte sur l’incertitude de ses rĂ©sultats, qui peut ĂȘtre importante et n’est encore que trop rarement Ă©valuĂ©e. En tant qu’outil d’aide Ă  la prise de dĂ©cision, une attention particuliĂšre doit ĂȘtre portĂ©e Ă  la rĂ©duction des incertitudes en ACV, afin de rĂ©duire l’incertitude totale de la prise de dĂ©cision. La rĂ©gionalisation, qui consiste Ă  amĂ©liorer la reprĂ©sentativitĂ© gĂ©ographique des rĂ©sultats d’ACV, est un des moyens de rĂ©duire l’incertitude liĂ©e Ă  la variabilitĂ© spatiale en ACV. À cet effet, diverses approches Ă  diffĂ©rents niveaux en ACV existent et peuvent ĂȘtre intĂ©grĂ©es par le praticien ACV, telles que la rĂ©gionalisation de l’inventaire et la spatialisation de l’inventaire. Cependant, les approches existantes demeurent aujourd’hui mal identifiĂ©es et leurs conditions d’utilisation pertinentes restent Ă  clarifier. De plus, l’intĂ©gration de la rĂ©gionalisation peut induire une charge supplĂ©mentaire de travail pour le praticien ACV, notamment au niveau de la collecte des donnĂ©es et de la modĂ©lisation. Afin d’optimiser l’effort du praticien dans la rĂ©duction des incertitudes spatiales, il est donc nĂ©cessaire de mettre en place une mĂ©thodologie de priorisation dans la collecte des donnĂ©es pour la rĂ©gionalisation. Cette priorisation viserait Ă  identifier les donnĂ©es les plus contributrices Ă  l’incertitude, c’est-Ă -dire les plus sensibles, et donc oĂč le potentiel de rĂ©duction est le plus Ă©levĂ©. Or, les rares mĂ©thodologies existantes pour prioriser l’effort de collecte des donnĂ©es en ACV s’avĂšrent peu adaptĂ©es Ă  la structure de l’ACV et la validitĂ© de leur priorisation reste discutable. Par ailleurs, il n’existe pas de mĂ©thodologie pour prioriser l’effort de rĂ©gionalisation en ACV. Afin de traiter ces diffĂ©rentes limites, l’objectif gĂ©nĂ©ral de ce projet est de dĂ©velopper un cadre mĂ©thodologique permettant de prioriser l’effort de rĂ©duction de l’incertitude en ACV Ă  travers l’opĂ©rationnalisation de la rĂ©gionalisation, dans le but d’amĂ©liorer la prise de dĂ©cision. Il se dĂ©cline en quatre objectifs spĂ©cifiques : 1) formuler un cadre structurant et opĂ©rationnel pour l’utilisation des approches existantes pour la rĂ©gionalisation en ACV, 2) dĂ©velopper une mĂ©thodologie de priorisation de collecte des donnĂ©es en ACV pour la rĂ©duction des incertitudes spatiales afin de prioriser l’effort de rĂ©gionalisation en ACV, 3) appliquer les cadres mĂ©thodologiques dĂ©veloppĂ©s Ă  des cas d’études en ACV attributionnelle, 4) appliquer la mĂ©thodologie dĂ©veloppĂ©e Ă  un cas d’étude en ACV consĂ©quentielle pour Ă©valuer les consĂ©quences environnementales d’une politique publique pour le transport en France. Les rĂ©ponses Ă  ces objectifs spĂ©cifiques ont donnĂ© lieu aux contributions suivantes. La premiĂšre contribution est une revue critique des approches existantes avec des recommandations pour intĂ©grer la dimension spatiale en ACV. Les recommandations ont ensuite Ă©tĂ© appliquĂ©es pour accompagner une organisation du secteur agroalimentaire dans la spatialisation Ă  court terme de sa propre base de donnĂ©es ACV. Ensuite, une mĂ©thodologie de priorisation de l’effort de rĂ©gionalisation a Ă©tĂ© proposĂ©e afin d’identifier les principaux contributeurs Ă  l’incertitude spatiale, en prenant en compte l’incertitude de l’inventaire et des FC. Pour ce faire, des analyses de sensibilitĂ© globale ont Ă©tĂ© menĂ©es en utilisant les indices de Sobol qui prennent en compte les interactions entre variables dans le modĂšle ACV. Cette mĂ©thodologie itĂ©rative destinĂ©e aux praticiens ACV et aux dĂ©veloppeurs de base de donnĂ©es ACV permet de prioriser par Ă©tapes :1) les scĂ©narios de l’étude ACV pour lesquels l’incertitude spatiale doit ĂȘtre rĂ©duite, 2) les catĂ©gories d’impacts les plus sensibles, et donc prioritaires dans la collecte de donnĂ©e d’inventaire, 3) l’ordre de prioritĂ© entre la rĂ©gionalisation de l’inventaire et la spatialisation de l’inventaire, 4) les variables d’entrĂ©e du modĂšle ACV qui doivent ĂȘtre rĂ©gionalisĂ©es ou spatialisĂ©es en prioritĂ©. Cette mĂ©thodologie a ensuite Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©e dans la rĂ©alisation d’une mĂ©ta-analyse des besoins en matiĂšre de rĂ©gionalisation de deux secteurs Ă©conomiques. Ainsi, le praticien ACV n’aurait pas besoin de rĂ©Ă©valuer lui-mĂȘme les besoins Ă  chaque nouvelle Ă©tude mais pourrait rĂ©utiliser les recommandations prĂ©calculĂ©es pour le secteur associĂ©. Les rĂ©sultats des mĂ©ta-analyses sectorielles suggĂšrent l’importance : (i) de la contribution de la variabilitĂ© spatiale des FC Ă  l’incertitude des rĂ©sultats justifiant l’utilisation de FC rĂ©gionalisĂ©s, (ii) de l’utilisation des analyses de sensibilitĂ© globale plutĂŽt que les analyses de contribution aux impacts pour prioriser la collecte des donnĂ©es en ACV. Finalement, la mĂ©thodologie de priorisation de l’effort de rĂ©gionalisation en ACV a Ă©tĂ© appliquĂ©e Ă  un cas d’étude en ACV consĂ©quentielle issue de modĂšle Ă©conomique d’équilibre partiel. Ce cas d’étude Ă©value les consĂ©quences environnementales Ă  l’horizon 2050 des scenarios alternatifs dans le secteur des transports rĂ©sultants de la mise en place de la loi de transition Ă©nergĂ©tique en France. Cette application a mis en lumiĂšre une contribution importante de l’incertitude issue du modĂšle Ă©conomique d’équilibre partiel Ă  l’incertitude des rĂ©sultats en ACV consĂ©quentielle. Les principales limites de ce projet sont liĂ©es Ă  l’opĂ©rationnalisation de la mĂ©thodologie de priorisation de l’effort de rĂ©gionalisation en ACV : la prise en compte limitĂ©e de la corrĂ©lation spatiale entre les variables en ACV, le temps de calcul important pour mener des analyses de sensibilitĂ© globale sur un grand nombre de variables d’entrĂ©e, la non-implĂ©mentation des analyses de sensibilitĂ© globale et des mĂ©thodes d’impact rĂ©gionalisĂ©es dans la plupart des logiciels ACV, le manque de disponibilitĂ© des donnĂ©es et des outils pour rĂ©gionaliser ou spatialiser l’inventaire. Ces limites pourront cependant ĂȘtre traitĂ©es dans l’avenir grĂące aux efforts conjoints des diffĂ©rentes parties prenantes en ACV. Notons toutefois que la dĂ©mocratisation de la prise en compte de l’incertitude et de la rĂ©gionalisation en ACV passe avant tout par une implĂ©mentation des mĂ©thodes associĂ©es dans les logiciels ACV. Plus largement, ce projet de recherche a contribuĂ© Ă  Ă©clairer un peu plus la communautĂ© ACV sur plusieurs plans en : (i) amĂ©liorant la prise en compte de la rĂ©gionalisation en ACV, (ii) explorant l’opĂ©rationnalisation des mĂ©thodes d’impacts rĂ©gionalisĂ©es, notamment de la mĂ©thodologie d’impacts rĂ©gionalisĂ©e IMPACT World+, (iii) explorant les liens entre incertitude et rĂ©gionalisation en ACV pour aider Ă  prioriser l’effort de rĂ©gionalisation, (iv) amĂ©liorant la prise en compte et la rĂ©duction de l’incertitude en ACV, notamment en ACV-C issue de modĂšle Ă©conomique. L’incertitude n’est plus perçue ici comme un dĂ©faut, mais comme un levier Ă  actionner pour cibler la rĂ©duction d’incertitude grĂące Ă  l’utilisation d’analyses de sensibilitĂ©.----------ABSTRACT: Make a decision in a sustainable development perspective requires to assess its economic, social and environmental benefits, and thus its sustainability. The environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) is one of the tools to assess sustainability as it aims to estimate the potential environmental impacts of goods, services, and decisions. Its main strengths are: (i) to quantify environmental impacts all along the value chain (life cycle perspective: from extraction of raw materials, their transformation, use and end of life), and (ii) to convert the emissions and withdrawals from the environment (inventory) into impacts on climate change, human health and ecosystem quality thanks to characterization factors (CFs). LCA makes it possible to identify avenues for the reduction of environmental impacts with a systemic perspective. Complementary to the attributional approach traditionally used in LCA, consequential LCA allows quantifying the environmental consequences of a decision, like the implementation of a public policy or the development of new technologies. Its use could be very relevant to enhance impact assessments performed before implementing a public policy. However, as with every assessment tool, one of the main limitations of LCA is the uncertainty of its results which may be high and is still too rarely assessed. As a tool for decision-making support, special attention should be paid to uncertainty reduction in LCA, in order to reduce the overall uncertainty in decision-making. Regionalization is one way to reduce uncertainty due to spatial variability in LCA. It refers to the enhancement of the geographical representativeness of LCA results. It can be integrated into LCA using many approaches at the different stages of LCA, especially thanks to inventory regionalization or inventory spatialization for LCA practitioners. However, existing approaches are now misidentified, and their relevant use conditions should be clarified. In addition, integrating regionalization may induce additional workload for the LCA practitioner, especially for data collection and modeling. Therefore, a methodology to prioritize data collection efforts for regionalization in LCA should be proposed to reduce the spatial uncertainty of the LCA results. This prioritization should aim to optimize the practitioner’s efforts by focusing on data that mostly contributes to uncertainty, i.e. the most sensitive, thus that has the highest potential for uncertainty reduction. The few existing methodologies to prioritize data collection efforts in LCA are ill-adapted to the LCA structure and the validity of their prioritization may be challenged. Besides, no methodology to prioritize regionalization efforts in LCA exists. To address those limitations, the main purpose of this research project is to develop a methodological framework to prioritize the efforts for uncertainty reduction in LCA through the operationalization of regionalization, and ultimately enhance the decision-making. Four objectives are thus devised: (1) develop a framework to structure and operationalize the use of existing approaches for regionalization in LCA, (2) develop a methodology to prioritize data collection in LCA for the reduction of spatial uncertainty to prioritize regionalization efforts in LCA, (3) apply the developed frameworks to prioritize the regionalization efforts to case studies in attributional LCA, (4) apply the methodology to prioritize the regionalization efforts to a case study in consequential LCA to assess the environmental consequences of a public policy in the transportation sector in France. The responses to those objectives have generated the following contributions. The first contribution is a critical review of existing approaches and recommendations to integrate the spatial dimension in LCA. Then it was applied to guide an organization for the agri-food sector to spatialize its internal LCA database on the short-term. Secondly, a methodology to prioritize the regionalization efforts in LCA was proposed to identify the main contributors to the spatial uncertainty, accounting for uncertainty from inventory and CFs. To do so, global sensitivity analyses are performed using Sobol indices that account for interactions between variables in the LCA model. This iterative methodology is designed for LCA practitioners and LCA database developers and allows to prioritize step by step: (1) the scenarios in the LCA study where the uncertainty should be reduced, (2) the most sensitive impact categories on which prioritizing the inventory data collection, (3) between inventory regionalization or spatialization, (4) the most sensitive input variables to be regionalized or spatialized in priority. Next, this methodology was used to perform meta-analyses on the regionalization needs of two economic sectors. Therefore, the LCA practitioner would no longer need to evaluate by himself the needs for a new study but would reuse precomputed recommendations for the associated sector. The results for the meta-analyses suggest the importance of (i) the contribution of the spatial variability of CFs to the results uncertainty which justifies using regionalized CFs, (ii) using global sensitivity analysis instead of impact contribution analysis to prioritize data collection in LCA. Finally, the methodology to prioritize the regionalization efforts was applied to a case study in consequential LCA from partial equilibrium economic modeling. This case study aims to assess the environmental consequences by 2050 of alternative transportation scenarios from the implementation of the energy transition law in France. This application highlights the important contribution of the uncertainty from the partial equilibrium economic modeling to the results uncertainty in consequential LCA. The main limitations of this project are associated with the operationalization of the methodology to prioritize the regionalization efforts in LCA: limited consideration of spatial correlations between LCA variables, important computational time when performing global sensitivity analysis with a high number of input variables, the non-implementation of global sensitivity analysis and regionalized impact methods in most of LCA software, the lack of available data and tools to regionalize and spatialize the inventory. Those limitations could be addressed in the future thanks to mutual efforts for the different stakeholders in the LCA community. Note, however, that democratizing the consideration of uncertainty and regionalization in LCA requires primarily an implementation of the associated methods in LCA software. In a broader way, this research project contributes to inform a bit more the LCA community by: (i) enhancing the consideration of regionalization in LCA, (ii) exploring the operationalization of regionalized impact methods, especially for the regionalized impact methodology IMPACT World+, (iii) exploring the links between uncertainty and regionalization to help prioritizing regionalization efforts, (iv) enhancing the consideration and the reduction of uncertainty in LCA, especially in consequential LCA from partial equilibrium economic modeling. Uncertainty is no longer seen here as a failure but is used as a tool to target the uncertainty reduction by using sensitivity analysis

    Milk protein production by a more environmentally sustainable process : bipolar membrane electrodialysis coupled with ultrafiltration

    Get PDF
    The increased demand for food production to nourish the rapidly growing human population raises serious sustainability issues for the food sector. Indeed, conventional food production lines involve processes having a significant environmental burden. Hence, the present study aims to demonstrate an environmentally sustainable process of food production. The milk protein was chosen as a model food ingredient due to its exceptional role in the human diet. The proposed innovative process of milk protein production includes bipolar membrane electrodialysis coupled with ultrafiltration (EDBM-UF). The crucial problem during the EDBM-UF of milk, such as different types of membrane fouling, was successfully solved. Moreover, the life cycle assessment of the novel EDBM-UF protein production process was carried out and compared to a conventional acid/base process. Additionally, a sensitivity test of electricity supply at different geographical locations of the world was performed since electricity is the main energy source for the EDBM-UF process and it could be derived from different sources (renewable and non-renewable). The assessment results demonstrate that the proposed electromembrane process has significant environmental benefits compared to the conventional process using chemicals independently from the electricity supply mix from all considered geographical locations. Thus, EDBM-UF could become a prospective industrial technology taking into account environmental concerns and promoting the development of healthy human society

    Contribution a l'Ă©tude des champignons de Madagascar

    Get PDF
    La liste que nous publions ici comprend toutes les espÚces de Champignons envoyées au Laboratoire de Cryptogamie du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, par M. R. Decary en 1923 et en 1924. Ces espÚces ont été recueillies soit dans la région de Maromandia, soit aux environs de Tananarive. Grùce aux soins apportés dans la récolte des spécimens, aux notes manuscrites et aux dessins accompagnant les échantillons, nous avons' pu indiquer un nombre relativement élevé de ces Agarics charnus qui, d'ordinaire, sont négligés dans les travaux de ce genre. Outre d'assez nombreuses nouveautés, nous devons attirer l'attention sur quelques formes à distribution géographique curieuse : Ganoderna pernanum, appartenant à un type connu seulement d'Amérique centrale, du Congo et des Philippines, Gàlera Besseyi d'une région restreinte des Etats-Unis, Gyrophragmium Delilei de la région méditerranéenne, etc. ..

    An economic analysis of the market for malaria treatment in Cambodia

    Get PDF
    In developing countries, malaria treatment is often inadequate, notably in retail shops where the majority of people seek care. Shopkeepers are the last link in a chain of wholesalers who have an influence on treatment availability, price and quality. Evidence on competition in retail and wholesale markets is scarce, partly due to the methodological challenges of studying healthcare markets in poor countries. The thesis investigates how market structure, provider conduct, customer demand and regulation affect malaria treatment outcomes in Cambodia. In addition the thesis contributes to the development of methods for studying private drug markets. Cross-sectional surveys and semi-structured interviews of representative samples of antimalarial retailers and wholesalers were conducted to collect data on provider practices and perceptions. The contribution of different empirical methods for identifying and sampling wholesalers and measuring sales volumes was also assessed. Private commercial providers supplied the majority of antimalarial drugs, reflecting the relative proximity, long opening hours, reliable drug stock and friendliness of private retailers. Retail and wholesale competition increased accessibility to malaria treatment but did not lead to optimal supply of affordable quality treatment. Several market failures were evident: intense product differentiation, high concentration, and imperfect consumer information on treatment quality. These provided opportunities for higher mark-ups, although not in all market segments. With high market heterogeneity, higher retail mark-ups did not necessarily translate into higher consumer prices, highlighting the influence of distribution chain structure and wholesaler's price setting decisions. Government failures were also frequent, with poor public sector treatment accessibility and ineffective regulation'. Recommendations include widening distribution networks for artemisinin combination therapy and rapid diagnostic tests; improving product stock reliability; decreasing wholesale and retail product prices; intensifying providers' training; diffusing information to consumers on what constitutes appropriate management of malaria fever; and strengthening regulation and the potential to extend its supportive role
    • 

    corecore