A note on hydrography off Bombay during the end of May, 1983

A brief account is given of hydrographic observations made during a cruise conducted off Bombay, India, on the 26 May 1983. Vertical distribution charts are included for temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen

RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY: MERITS AND DEMERITS

Energy demand is continuously increasing. Energy is one of the importantneeds of society. Natural energy resources are materials or things that people use from the earth. Theseenergy sources are divided in renewableand nonrenewableenergy sources. Renewable sources are free and abundant in nature on the other hand nonrenewable sources are limited and also to sustain life on earth. Nonrenewable sources causes pollution and hence degrade the environment.As the nonrenewable sources are limited on the earth the utilization of renewable energy sources has become inevitable. Renewable energy is derived from natural process that can be replenished. Depending on the sources of energy renewable energy sources are derived in various types. This paper deals with the Merits and Demeritsof renewable and nonrenewable energy sources

Optical and electrical properties of cobalt chloride doped polyvinyl alcohol polyvinylpyrrolidone blend

Films of cobalt chloride doped polyvinyl alc. - polyvinylpyrrolidone blend were prepd. by soln. casting method, in the doping range 0 wt​% up to 42 wt​%. These films were characterized by XRD, UV-​Visible spectrometry, FTIR, thermal anal. and elec. measurements. The films were semi-​cryst., with an av. crystallite size of few nanometers. The optical band gap due to indirect allowed transitions (in k-​space) decreases from 4.6 eV for 1.5 wt​% doping level to 4.0 eV at 35 wt​% doping level. In addn., absorption peaks were obsd. at 2.3 eV, 3.0 eV and 1.7 eV, which indicate that doping results in formation of allowed energy bands within the forbidden gap. The Urbach energy, which measures the width of band tails within the forbidden gap, is found to significantly decrease with increase in doping level. DC elec. measurements show a good fit for 3-​D Variable Range Hopping model of cond. The temp. variation of elec. resistivity obeys the Arrhenius relation, from which the activation energy obtained is found to decrease from 4.1 eV for 1.5 wt​% doping level to 3.1 eV for 19 wt​% doping level. (c) 2014 American Institute of Physics

Microstructural studies on cobalt chloride doped PVA -​PVP blend

Soln. cast films of PVA (polyvinylalc.) and PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone) blend, doped with cobalt chloride (CoCl2) in the concn. range (doping level) from 1 wt​% up to 28 wt​% were characterized, and the data collected was analyzed to yield information about the microstructure of these films. XRD, DTATGA, ATR-​FTIR, UV-​Vis and DC elec. measurements were performed. Although un-​doped PVA-​PVP blend (equal compn. of PVA and PVP by wt.) was amorphous, the CoCl2 doped films showed a semicryst. nature, the av. crystallite size increasing from 7.5 nm at 9 wt​% doping level up to 19 nm at 26 wt​% doping level. The FTIR and DTA-​TGA spectra were used to complement the information about microstructure of these samples provided by XRD, and also correlated with elec. and optical anal., the latter revealing a higher degree of structural order in CoCl2 doped PVA-​PVP blend films, on increased incorporation of cobalt chloride

Magnitude of bud blight disease of tomato caused by Peanut bud necrosis virus (PBNV) in Northern Eastern Karnataka

The present study on magnitude and spatial distribution of bud blight disease of tomato caused by Peanut bud necrosis virus in major tomato growing area of North Eastern Karnataka through GPS approach during 2014-15, revealed that disease was found to occur at all the stages of the crop with characteristic symptoms such as necrotic rings with green or yellow hallow spots on leaves, later tip necrosis and die back. Further, presence of longitudinal brown necrotic streaks on petioles, stem and characteristic brown ring and chlorotic ring spots on green and red ripened tomatoes respectively. GPS based survey indicated that the % disease incidence varied from location to location (spatial variation), with the mean incidence ranging from 14.52 to 62.13 per cent. Among the six districts, highest incidence of 62.13 per cent was recorded in Kalaburgi district followed by Raichur, Bidar, Yadgir and Koppal with 60.35, 57.96, 45.68 and 37.13 per cent incidence, respectively and the least disease incidence of 14.52 per cent was recorded in Ballari district. The GPS maps plotted based on PDI scale (0-4) represents high risk areas of the disease in North Eastern Karnataka and higher magnitude of disease was recorded in many of the location surveyed were the tomato fields surrounded by alternate hosts of PBNV. The study signifies PBNV diagnostic symptoms and its prevalence in North Eastern Karnatak

Global positioning system based spatial and temporal distribution of new leaf curl begomovirus disease on sunflower in Northern Karnataka

Leaf curl disease on sunflower caused by begomovirus genus of the family geminiviridae. Present investigations on field survey for disease incidence, field diagnostic symptoms and its spatial and temporal distribution in major sunflower growing parts of North Eastern Karnataka through GPS system during 2013-14, revealed that the disease was found to occur at all the stages of sunflower under field condition and exhibited symptoms such as vein thickening (enations) on abaxial surface of the leaves, upward curling and reduction in leaf size and severe discoluration of capitulum (Head) followed by bushy appearance. GPS based survey indicated that the % disease incidence varied from location to location (spatial variation) and also from season to season (temporal variation). The low incidence was noticed during Kharif condition which is ranged between 6.34-11.16, with the average incidence of 11.2%, 7.4% and 6.3% in Koppal, Raichur and Ballari districts repectively. Whereas during Rabi/summer season, high magnitude of disease noticed in many of the locations surveyed and is recorded upto 92.9 %. The GPS maps plotted based on PDI scale (0-3) represents high risk areas of the disease in Raichur and adjacent areas of Nort Eastern Karnataka and the result shows that the disease occurrence was more in rabi as compared to Kharif situations irrespective of locations. GPS survey map is an indicator to locate the nature of disease spread so as to conclude the hotspot areas

Structural, magnetic and electrical properties of single crystalline La_(1-x)Sr_xMnO_3 for 0.4 < x < 0.85

We report on structural, magnetic and electrical properties of Sr-doped LaMnO_3 single crystals for doping levels 0.4 < x < 0.85. The complex structural and magnetic phase diagram can only be explained assuming significant contributions from the orbital degrees of freedom. Close to x = 0.6 a ferromagnetic metal is followed by an antiferromagnetic metallic phase below 200 K. This antiferromagnetic metallic phase exists in a monoclinic crystallographic structure. Following theoretical predictions this metallic antiferromagnet is expected to reveal an (x^2-y^2)-type orbital order. For higher Sr concentrations an antiferromagnetic insulator is established below room temperature.Comment: 8 pages, 7 figure

Towards standards for human fecal sample processing in metagenomic studies

Technical variation in metagenomic analysis must be minimized to confidently assess the contributions of microbiota to human health. Here we tested 21 representative DNA extraction protocols on the same fecal samples and quantified differences in observed microbial community composition. We compared them with differences due to library preparation and sample storage, which we contrasted with observed biological variation within the same specimen or within an individual over time. We found that DNA extraction had the largest effect on the outcome of metagenomic analysis. To rank DNA extraction protocols, we considered resulting DNA quantity and quality, and we ascertained biases in estimates of community diversity and the ratio between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. We recommend a standardized DNA extraction method for human fecal samples, for which transferability across labs was established and which was further benchmarked using a mock community of known composition. Its adoption will improve comparability of human gut microbiome studies and facilitate meta-analyses

Mapping child growth failure across low- and middle-income countries

Childhood malnutrition is associated with high morbidity and mortality globally1. Undernourished children are more likely to experience cognitive, physical, and metabolic developmental impairments that can lead to later cardiovascular disease, reduced intellectual ability and school attainment, and reduced economic productivity in adulthood2. Child growth failure (CGF), expressed as stunting, wasting, and underweight in children under five years of age (0�59 months), is a specific subset of undernutrition characterized by insufficient height or weight against age-specific growth reference standards3�5. The prevalence of stunting, wasting, or underweight in children under five is the proportion of children with a height-for-age, weight-for-height, or weight-for-age z-score, respectively, that is more than two standard deviations below the World Health Organization�s median growth reference standards for a healthy population6. Subnational estimates of CGF report substantial heterogeneity within countries, but are available primarily at the first administrative level (for example, states or provinces)7; the uneven geographical distribution of CGF has motivated further calls for assessments that can match the local scale of many public health programmes8. Building from our previous work mapping CGF in Africa9, here we provide the first, to our knowledge, mapped high-spatial-resolution estimates of CGF indicators from 2000 to 2017 across 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where 99 of affected children live1, aggregated to policy-relevant first and second (for example, districts or counties) administrative-level units and national levels. Despite remarkable declines over the study period, many LMICs remain far from the ambitious World Health Organization Global Nutrition Targets to reduce stunting by 40 and wasting to less than 5 by 2025. Large disparities in prevalence and progress exist across and within countries; our maps identify high-prevalence areas even within nations otherwise succeeding in reducing overall CGF prevalence. By highlighting where the highest-need populations reside, these geospatial estimates can support policy-makers in planning interventions that are adapted locally and in efficiently directing resources towards reducing CGF and its health implications. © 2020, The Author(s)