Monkey Pox Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Treatment: A Comprehensive Review

Human monkeypox is a zoonotic Orthopoxvirus with a presentation similar to smallpox. Clinical differentiation of the disease from smallpox and varicella is difficult. Laboratory diagnostics are principal components to identification and surveillance of disease, and new tests are needed for a more precise and rapid diagnosis. The majority of human infections occur in Central Africa, where surveillance in rural areas with poor infrastructure is difficult but can be accomplished with evidence-guided tools and educational materials to inform public health workers of important principles. As the fear of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic subsides, countries around the globe are now dealing with a fear of the epidemic surrounding the prevalence of monkeypox cases in various regions. Previously endemic to regions of Africa, the majority of monkeypox cases associated with the 2022 outbreak are being noted in countries around Europe and in the western hemisphere. While contact-tracing projects are being conducted by various organizations, it is unknown how this outbreak began. Monkeypox virus is one of the many zoonotic viruses that belong to the Orthopoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family. Monkeypox cases received global attention during the 1970s, after the global eradication of smallpox. The smallpox vaccine provided cross-immunity to the monkeypox virus. Upon the cessation of smallpox vaccine administration, monkeypox cases became more prevalent. It was not until the 2003 US outbreak that monkeypox truly gained global attention. Despite the virus being named monkeypox, monkeys are not the origin of the virus. Several rodents and small mammals have been attributed as the source of the virus; however, it is unknown what the true origin of monkeypox is. The name monkeypox is due to the viral infection being first witnessed in macaque monkeys. Though human-to-human transmission of monkeypox is very rare, it is commonly attributed to respiratory droplets or direct contact with mucocutaneous lesions of an infected individual. Currently, there is no treatment allocated for infected individuals, however, supportive treatments can be administered to provide symptom relief to individuals; Medications such as tecovirimat may be administered in very severe cases. These treatments are subjective, as there are no exact guidelines for symptom relief.  Contemporary epidemiological studies are needed now that populations do not receive routine smallpox vaccination. New therapeutics and vaccines offer hope for the treatment and prevention of monkeypox; however, more research must be done before they are ready to be deployed in an endemic setting. There is a need for more research in the epidemiology, ecology, and biology of the virus in endemic areas to better understand and prevent human infections

DEMO: Simulation of Realistic Mobility Model and Implementation of 802.11p (DSRC) for Vehicular Networks (VANET)

An ad hoc network of vehicles (VANET) consists of vehicles that exchange information via radio in order to improve road safety, traffic management and do better distribution of traffic load in time and space. Along with this it allows Internet access for passengers and users of vehicles. A significant characteristic while studying VANETs is the requirement of having a mobility model that gives aspects of real vehicular traffic. These scenarios play an important role in performance of VANETs. In our paper we have demonstration and description of generating realistic mobility model using various tools such as eWorld, OpenStreetMap, SUMO and TraNS. Generated mobility scenario is added to NS-2.34 (Network Simulator) for analysis of DSR and AODV routing protocol under 802.11p (DSRC/WAVE) and 802.11a. Results after analysis shows 802.11p is more suitable than 802.11a for VANET.Comment: 4 pages, 6 figures, International Journal of Computer Applicatio

Placental thickness: an important parameter in determining gestational age and fetal growth during ANC scan

Background: Gestational Age (GA) is one of the most imperative parameters required for proper management in pregnancy. Routinely GA is estimated by sonography utilising Biparietal Diameter (BPD), Femur Length (FL), Abdominal Circumference (AC) and Head Circumference (HC). In any case, these parameters have some limitations. Hence, there is need to find other parameters that may complement the established fetal biometric parameters in predicting GA. The objective of the present study was to assess placental thickness in second and third trimester pregnancies and its relationship with fetal gestational age and its role in detecting LBW and IUGRMethods: A cross sectional prospective study was carried out in three hundred pregnant women between 13 to 40 weeks of gestation, who came for routine antenatal sonography. Placental thickness was measured along with routine parameters. Placental thickness was measured at the level of umbilical cord insertion by two-dimensional ultrasonography.Results: Correlation between the GA by LMP and Placental thickness by ultrasound was done by using Karl Pearson's Correlation(r). The values were expressed as mean + standard deviation. Correlation between placental thickness and gestational age was statistically significant as p value is <0.01. Placental thickness measured in millimetres increases with gestational age in second and third trimester.Conclusions: The correlation between the placental thickness and gestational age was linear and direct. Therefore, Placental thickness is used as a predictor for estimation of gestational age of the fetus in cases where LMP is not known and in detecting developing IUGR and low birth weight

ACECLOFENAC-INDUCED STEVENS-JOHNSON SYNDROME AFTER ONE SINGLE DOSE: A MAIDEN CASE REPORT

Drugs are known to cause various adverse drug reactions involving major organ systems. Skin-related adverse reactions are very common and range from a simple rash to life-threatening condition like Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Various drugs are known to cause skin reactions which include antiepileptics, analgesics, antibiotics, and proton-pump inhibitors. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs causing life-threatening conditions such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis are very rare and only few case reports are published. Hence, we report a case of Aceclofenac-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome after single time administration in a tertiary care hospital in India

Heart attack encroaching fourth decade: autopsy study of western Maharashtra

Background: Indians are known to have the highest coronary artery disease (CAD) rates, and the conventional risk factors fail to explain this increased risk. At present, India has the highest burden of acute coronary syndrome and ST-elevation myocardial infarction (MI). Methods: An autopsy study of 6 years: January 2015 to December 2020 which included heart specimens affected by MI from medicolegal autopsies received in histopathology section. The received heart specimens were fixed in 10% formalin and processed as per routine histotechniques with H&amp;E stain and slides prepared were studied under light microscopy. Results: Maximum number of myocardial infarction cases 21 (23.5%) were seen in the age group of 41-50. Commonest histopathological pattern noted was Healed myocardial infarction 38 (42.6%), followed by acute myocardial infarction (AMI) 29 (32.5%) then acute with healed myocardial infarction (AHMI) 22 (24.7%). Conclusions: Atherosclerosis being the most common cause of MI but frequency of non-atherosclerotic myocardial infarction is rising in 4th decade which is a matter of concern. The study of human atherosclerotic lesion is an extremely difficult task in a living subject and an autopsy study is the best possible way to work on it

Simultaneous Estimation of Berberine and Quercetin in Pathydi Kada Formulation by Hptlc

A sensitive, selective and precise thin-layer chromatographic method has been developed and validated for the analysis of Berberine and Quercetin in Pathydi Kada laboratory prepared and Market formulation. Separation and quantification were achieved by TLC using mobile phase of Ethyl acetate: Methanol: Glacial acetic acid (6: 4: 0.5) v/v/v (Rf 0.2 &amp; 0.84 for Berberine and Quercetin respectively) on precoated silica gel 60F254 aluminum plates and determination was carried out at 254 and 366 nm for berberine and quercetin respectively. The calibration curve was linear in the concentration range of 4-12 μg spot-1. The method was validated for precision, repeatability and accuracy. The proposed method was found to be simple, precise, specific, sensitive and accurate for the quantification of Berberine and Quercetin. This is the first TLC report for the simultaneous estimation of Berberine and Quercetin in Pathydi Kada formulation and may be useful for the routine quality control

ORPHAN DRUGS: THE CURRENT GLOBAL AND INDIAN SCENARIO

ABSTRACTIt was not until a few decades ago that orphan drugs, still enjoyed†the status of pharmaceutical touch-me-not entities. However, the past two decadeshave witnessed a radical shift in the approach of global pharmaceutical industry toward orphan drugs. This has stemmed from an apparent innovationcrisis in the domain of common diseases, progressively increasing stringency in the regulations, and the decline of the blockbuster business model.Further, the success stories of a few orphan drugs, for instance, eculizumab has gone a long way in breaking the myth of non-profitability associatedwith orphan drug development endeavor. This combined with the high degree of incentivization attached with orphan drug development makes it avery lucrative avenue for further investment by the pharmaceutical industry. Sadly, the Indian scenario with respect to orphan drugs is a throwbackto the dark ages.†The progress seen across the developed nations, for instance, the United States of America has not permeated into the Indianmarket. India, with its huge population base, stands to provide a hugely lucrative market for orphan drug development. However, this point seemsto have escaped the notice of the Indian authorities and the pharmaceutical sector in India. Thus, with the various patient advocacy groups and nongovernmentorganizationschampioning the cause of orphan diseased patientsin India, the time is ripe forthe concerned authoritiesand the pharmasectorin India totakecognizance of this gapinglacuna in the health-careservices and undertakemeasurestoaddressthis situation.Keywords: Pharmaceutical touch-me-not, Orphan, Indian scenario.Â

Design of a smart system for rapid bacterial test

In this article, we present our initial findings to support the design of an advanced field test to detect bacterial contamination in water samples. The system combines the use of image processing and neural networks to detect an early presence of bacterial activity. We present here a proof of concept with some tests results. Our initial findings are very promising and indicate detection of viable bacterial cells within a period of 2 h. To the authors' knowledge this is the first attempt to quantify viable bacterial cells in a water sample using cell splitting. We also present a detailed design of the complete system that uses the time lapse images from a microscope to complete the design of a neural network based smart system

Obstetric and neonatal outcomes of the pregnancies complicated with thrombocytopenia

Background: Thrombocytopenia is second most common hematological abnormality in pregnancy after anemia (Incidence 8-10%). The aim of this study is to observe the obstetric and neonatal outcomes of pregnancies complicated with thrombocytopenia and to compare its maternal and fetal outcomes.Methods: The prospective observational study was conducted at tertiary care institute over period of one and half year and 100 cases of thrombocytopenia in present pregnancy were included after fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria and obtaining written informed valid consent. Complete history, physical examination and relevant investigations of the patient were documented. Patients were followed up to delivery and outcomes (obstetric, maternal, fetal, neonatal) were studied. The data obtained for all the patients was analyzed with SPSS (SPSS Inc, Chicago) software packages. Statistical comparisons were performed with Pearson’s Chi- square where appropriate with p-value of 37 weeks of gestation. Most (53%) had moderate thrombocytopenia. Incidence of maternal complications was statically significant (P-value 0.038) with most common complication being caesarian section site oozing (9%) followed by placental abruption (4%). There was no statistical significance in degree of thrombocytopenia and need for blood and blood product transfusion (P-value 0.67). Only (2%) neonates of thrombocytopenic mothers had thrombocytopenia and both required treatment.Conclusions: Most common cause of thrombocytopenia in pregnancy was gestational thrombocytopenia with uneventful pregnancy and perinatal outcomes. Few severe cases associated with medical or systematic causes leads to serious catastrophic events which can be avoided by increasing antenatal surveillance and appropriate management by multidisciplinary team of obstetrician, hematologist, anesthesiologist, neonatologist and physician

Gas Flow Analysis inside Combustion Chamber of Two Stroke SI Engine

Computational Fluid Dynamics has become an essential tool in the design and development process of IC-engines. Due to increasing computer hardware performances and steady decreasing costs it is to expect that simulation technology becomes an unavoidable tool for the analysis of many technical problems. In present study the flow analysis of the charge in the cylinder of 2 stroke SI Engine using CFD ANSYS fluent is carried out. The variation of pressure, velocity, temperature of charge during its flow from inlet to outlet is studied. The effect of thermal barrier coating (TBC) on the piston crown is analysed. This study may help to optimize the engine performance