The potent antimicrobial spectrum of patchouli: systematic review of its antifungal, antibacterial, and antiviral properties

Intention towards natural essential oils from medicinal plants has increased rapidly over the past decade as these oils have antimicrobial and antioxidant properties against various chronic diseases. One essential oil source with antimicrobial properties is the essential oil from Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. This review aims to provide information on using patchouli oil as an antimicrobial against bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens in the last five years. There were 37 articles found in the PUBMED database by June 15, 2023. After searching, 6 of them were duplicates. A total of 2 papers were inaccessible, 4 were not research articles, and fivewere excluded because they were irrelevant to the scope of this study. This review shows that research related to patchouli as an antimicrobial in the last five years involves Pogostemon cablinleaf samples as silver nanoparticle bioreductors. Patchoulioil is used in membrane, nanocomposite film, and starch hydrogel manufacturing. Patchouli oil is a prestigious antimicrobial agent because it can fight numerous pathogenic microbes from bacteria, fungi, and viruses

Anticataract activity of ethanolic extract from Hippobroma longiflora (L.) G.Don leaves: Ex vivo investigation

Context: In Aceh, Hippobroma longiflora, known as kitolodby the locals, is believed to possess medicinal benefits such as anticataract. Aims: To investigate the anticataract activity of ethanolic extract from H. longiflora leaves ex vivo. Methods: The dried fine powder of H. longiflora was macerated using ethanol at room temperature, and the concentrated extract was prepared in concentrations ranging from 100 to 300 μg/mL. The cataract model was established by using goat lens induced with H2O2 and later exposed to the extract for treatment. Anti-cataract activity was assessed by observing the change in lens opacity. Further, malondialdehyde levels and activities of endogenous antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase). Results: The apparent cataract opacity reduced after the exposure of the extract was observed macroscopically. The cataract eyes experienced a significant increase (p<0.05) in malondialdehyde level and a significant reduction (p<0.05) in the activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase. The pathologic conditions could be reversed by introducing the extract with a concentration as low as 100 μg/mL (p<0.05). Conclusions: The ethanolic extract of H. longiflora leaf has a potential anticataract effect by ameliorating oxidative stress-related biocompounds

GREEN SYNTHESIS NANOPARTIKEL PERAK MENGGUNAKAN EKSTRAK TUMBUHAN CALOTROPIS GIGANTEA DARI KAWASAN GEOTERMAL IE SEU-UM ACEH BESAR DAN UJI AKTIVITASNYA SEBAGAI ANTIMIKROBA

Nanopartikel perak (AgNP) diketahui sebagai logam yang paling reaktif diantara logam lainnya sehingga sering digunakan sebagai agen untuk memusnahkan mikroba. Nanopartikel perak yang dihasilkan melalui metode green synthesis telah dilakukan menggunakan ekstrak daun dan bunga Calotropis gigantea yang tumbuh di daerah geotermal Ie Seu-Um, Aceh Besar. Melalui uji fitokimia, ekstrak bunga C. gigantea diketahui mengandung metabolit sekunder diantaranya saponin, fenolik, tannin, flavonoid, terpenoid, dan alkaloid. Adapun esktrak daun C. gigantea diketahui mengandung saponin, fenolik, tannin, steroid, dan alkaloid. Sintesis AgNP-ekstrak C. gigantea yang berasal dari kawasan geotermal Ie Seu-Um telah berhasil dilakukan menggunakan AgNO3 dengan konsentrasi 2 mM, 5 mM dan 9 mM. Ekstrak daun dan bunga C. gigantea dari kawasan geotermal Ie Seu-Um dapat digunakan sebagai bioreduktor untuk green synthesis nanopartikel perak dimana ditandai dengan terbentuknya warna larutan kuning kecoklatan dan cokelat kehitaman. Karakterisasi UV-Vis nanopartikel perak berhubungan dengan puncak Surface Plasmone Resonance (SPR) dimana puncak SPR AgNP-bunga C. gigantea yang disintesis menggunakan AgNO3 dengan konsentrasi 2 mM, 5 mM dan 9 mM masing-masing terdapat pada 410 nm, 430 nm dan 460 nm. Sedangkan SPR AgNP-daun C. gigantea yang disintesis menggunakan AgNO3 dengan konsentrasi 2 mM, 5 mM dan 9 mM masing-masing terdapat pada 420 nm, 430 nm dan 440 nm. AgNP-ekstrak daun dan bunga C. gigantea diketahui memiliki morfologi berbentuk sphere dan beraglomerasi serta memiliki daya hambat bakteri dan jamur patogen. Pada uji antibakteri baik bakteri gram positif dan gram negatif, AgNP-ekstrak bunga C. gigantea memiliki zona hambat yang lebih tinggi dari AgNP-daun C. gigantea. Namun hal tersebut tidak terjadi pada aktivitas antijamur. Kedua sampel tidak memiliki perbedaan zona hambat yang signifikan. Hal paling menarik dalam penelitian ini ialah AgNP-ekstrak daun C. gigantea memiliki zona hambat C. albicans yang cukup tinggi walaupun diketahui bahwa ekstrak daun C. gigantea dari kawasan geotermal Ie Seu-Um tidak memiliki aktivitas antijamur sama sekali. Kata Kunci: AgNP, S. aureus, E. coli, C. albicans, C. gigantea, manifestasi geoterma

Characterizing the Size Distribution of Silver Nanoparticles Biofabricated Using Calotropis gigantea from Geothermal Zone

This research aims to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using an aqueous leaf extract of Calotropis gigantea obtained from the geothermal manifestation Ie Seu-Um, Aceh Besar, Aceh Province, Indonesia. The C. gigantea leaf extract was mixed with AgNO3 solutions at concentrations of 2, 5, and 9 mM, respectively. The mixture was stirred at 80 rpm by a magnetic stirrer for 48 hours in the dark. The change in solution color indicated the reduction of Ag+ to Ag0. The resulting AgNPs synthesized using C. gigantea leaf extract (AgNPs-LCg) exhibited cloudy grey, reddish dark brown, and light brown colors when synthesized with AgNO3 concentrations of 2, 5, and 9 mM, respectively. The particle sizes of AgNPs-LCg had maximum frequencies at 246.98 nm (synthesized using AgNO3 2 mM), 93.02 nm (synthesized using AgNO3 5 mM), and 171.25 nm (synthesized using AgNO3 9 mM). The zeta potential values of AgNPs-LCg using 2, 5, and 9 mM AgNO3 were -41.9, -40.1, and -31.4 mV, respectively. Based on the solution color, nanoparticle size, and stability value of AgNPs, it can be concluded that the use of AgNO3 at 5 mM is optimal for the green synthesis process of AgNPs-LCg

Clinical and oral microbiome pattern of halitosis patients with periodontitis and gingivitis

Halitosis is caused by a bacterial proteolytic process that induces the production of volatile sulfur compounds, odor-causing gases. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical oral hygiene state and oral microbiome pattern of halitosis patients with periodontitis and gingivitis. The oral hygiene state of halitosis patients with periodontitis and gingivitis was assessed using the oral hygiene index simplified (OHI-S), decay missing filled teeth (DMFT), and tongue biofilm. The dorsum of the tongue and subgingival swabs were cultured for bacteria, and bacterial morphology was evaluated using Gram staining. Evaluation of the bacterial genus using the Bergey's systematic bacteriology diagram as a guide. A total of ten patients with periodontitis and gingivitis were included. Our data indicated that the scores of OHI-S and DMFT were different significantly between halitosis patients with periodontitis and gingivitis (both had p&lt;0.001) while tongue biofilm score was not different between groups. On the dorsum of the tongue, periodontitis patients had a significant higher oral microbiome population (85.65x106 CFU/mL) compared to those with gingivitis (0.047x106 CFU/mL) with p=0.002. In contrast, the number of microbiomes in the subgingival had no significant different between periodontitis and gingivitis. On the dorsum of the tongue, six bacterial genera were isolated from periodontitis cases and seven genera were detected from gingivitis patients. On subgingival, 10 and 15 genera were identified from periodontitis and gingivitis, respectively. Fusobacterium, Propionibacterium, Eubacterium and Lactobacillus were the most prevalent among periodontitis cases while Porphyromonas was the most prevalent in gingivitis patients. In conclusion, although OHI-S and DMFT are different between periodontitis and gingivitis, overlapping of bacterial genera was detected between periodontitis and gingivitis cases

Green Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activities of Silver Nanoparticles Using Calotropis gigantea from Ie Seu-Um Geothermal Area, Aceh Province, Indonesia

Herein, we report our success synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous extracts from the leaves and flowers of Calotropis gigantea growing in the geothermal manifestation Ie Seu-Um, Aceh Besar, Indonesia. C. gigantea aqueous extract can be used as a bio-reductant for Ag+&rarr;Ag0 conversion, obtained by 48h incubation of Ag+, and the extract mixture in a dark condition. UV&ndash;Vis characterization showed that the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peaks of AgNPs-leaf C. gigantea (AgNPs-LCg) and AgNPs-flower C. gigantea (AgNPs-FCg) appeared in the wavelength range of 410&ndash;460 nm. Scanning electron microscopy energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS) revealed the agglomeration and spherical shapes of AgNPs-LCg and AgNPs-FCg with diameters ranging from 87.85 to 256.7 nm. Zeta potentials were observed in the range of &minus;41.8 to &minus;25.1 mV. The Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion assay revealed AgNPs-FCg as the most potent antimicrobial agent with inhibition zones of 12.05 &plusmn; 0.58, 11.29 &plusmn; 0.45, and 9.02 &plusmn; 0.10 mm for Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans, respectively. In conclusion, aqueous extract from the leaves or flowers of Calotropis gigantea may be used in the green synthesis of AgNPs with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities

Characterization of red algae (Gracilaria verrucosa) on potential application for topical treatment of oral mucosa wounds in Rattus norvegicus

Wound healing in the mouth has its challenges due to masticatory movements and the presence of bacteria that can inhibit its process. The aim of this study was to analyze the contents of red algae (Gracilaria verrucosa) from Indonesia, and its potential as a wound-healing agent for oral wounds using animal model. Red algae content was determined by phytochemical tests and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The wound was made by making an incision on the gingival mucosa of Rattus norvegicus and the parameters assessed were bleeding time, number of fibroblast cells, and time of wound closure. Three doses of G. verrucosa gel were used (2.5%, 5%, and 10%) and the gels were applied twice a day, at 6:00 and 18:00. Application was carried out topically by applying 0.1 ml of gel to the incision wound using a 1 mL syringe. Our phytochemical test indicated that the G. verrucosa contained alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, and phenols. The dominant contains of the G. verrucosa were glycerol (36.81%), hexadecenoic acid (20.74%), and cholesterol (7.4%). The hemostasis test showed that the 2.5% G. verrucosa extract gel had the shortest bleeding time, 33.98±5.33 seconds. On the seventh day of the initial proliferation phase, the number of fibroblasts was not significantly different among groups. On day 14, the number of fibroblasts was only significantly different between 10% G. verrucosa and untreated group (p=0.007). On day 28, however, both 5% and 10% G. verrucosa were significantly higher compared to untreated group, both had p=0.010. Daily clinical examination showed that animals that were given 2.5% and 5% of G. verrucosa extract gel experienced wound closure on day 10. Animals treated with 10% of extract gel, all wounds healed on day 9. This study suggested that G. verrucosa extract could accelerate wound closure and wound healing