Optimization of Lovastatin Self-Nanoemulsifying Solid Dosage Form

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: I am very thankful to Dr Sanjay S. Patel for his great support for this research work. We are also thankful to Manager of Abitech Corporation, USA, Corel Chemical Ltd., Ahmedabad, and Torrent Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Ahmedabad for providing us necessary ingredients. We are thankful to Shri B. M. Shah College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Modasa for providing technical support in form of instruments and guidance.Aim: The aim of present study was to develop and optimized self-nanoemulsifying solid dosage form (SNESDF) of Lovastatin for enhancing its solubility. Lovastatin (whose water solubility is 0.4 x 10-3 mg/mL) is considered to be a reasonable drug because of its high log P value (4.3) and good solubility in oils. Materials and Methods: The formulations were optimized by Box-Behnken statistical design in which the independent variables like Ratio of surfactant: co-surfactant (X1), oil: surfactant co surfactant (X2), and % Aerosil (X3). The formulations were characterized for its dependent variables such as Droplet size (Y1), transmittance (Y3), percentage of drug released within 5 minutes (Y3), and within 15 minutes (Y4). Results and Conclusion: Droplet size and zeta potential of the optimized batch was found to be 21.89 nm and -6.4 mV, respectively. 44.32 % and 90.78 % of the drug was found to be released within 5 min and 15 min, respectively. Hence, by formulating into SNESDF, the solubility of Lovastatin was found to be significantly improved.Objetivo: El objetivo del presente estudio fue desarrollar y optimizar la auto-nanoemulsión forma de dosificación sólida (SNESDF) de la Lovastatina para aumentar su solubilidad. Lovastatina (cuya solubilidad en agua es 0,4 x 10-3 mg / ml) se considera que es un fármaco razonable debido a su alto valor de log P (4,3) y una buena solubilidad en aceites. Materiales y Métodos: Las formulaciones fueron optimizadas por el diseño estadístico Box-Behnken en el cual las variables independientes como relación de tensioactivo: tensioactivo co-(X1), aceite: tensioactivo co tensioactivo (X2), y% Aerosil (X3). Las formulaciones se caracterizan por sus variables dependientes, tales como tamaño de la gota (Y1), la transmitancia (Y3), el porcentaje de fármaco liberado en 5 minutos (Y3), y dentro de 15 minutos (Y4). Resultados y Conclusiones: tamaño de la gota y el potencial zeta del lote optimizado resultó ser 21,89 nm y -6,4 mV, respectivamente. 44,32% y 90,78% del fármaco se encontró que se libera dentro de 5 min y 15 min, respectivamente. Por lo tanto, mediante la formulación en SNESDF de lovastatina , se encontró que la solubilidad mejoraba significativamente

Seismic Isolation of Building-Equipment System Using Modified Variable Friction Pendulum System

In this study, building-equipment system with Modified Variable Friction Pendulum System (MVFPS) is investigated under different earthquake ground excitations. Earthquake response of building-equipment system isolated with MVFPS is compared with Variable Friction Pendulum System (VFPS) and Friction Pendulum System (FPS) in order to find efficiency of MVFPS. Newmark’s linear acceleration method is used for solving governing equation of motion for building-equipment system. In this investigation, different storey buildings are considered. It is observed that MVFPS is more efficient in reducing the recoverable energy than FPS, but less efficient than VFPS. From the comparative study, it is found that FPS shows robust performance in comparison to MVFPS and VFPS in reducing equipment acceleration and displacement

Pulmonary renal syndrome: treatment of acute renal failure secondary to double positive goodpasture syndrome

This is a case of a 34 year old female who presented with lower epigastric pain, flank pain and hematuria. Her symptoms started two days after being treated on Trimethoprim+Sulfamethoxazole for urinary tract infection. Worsening of her symptoms despite switching to Cephalexin prompted her to come to the emergency department. On admission, her creatinine was 5.3 mg/dL with potassium of 5.2 mEq/L and albuminuria of 100 mg/dL. Chest computed tomography (CT) without contrast revealed findings consistent with goodpasture disease. Biopsy of the kidney confirmed diffuse necrotizing and crescentic glomerulonephritis consistent with anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody disease. She was treated with plasmapheresis and steroids with complete resolution of symptoms at follow up

An Optimized Cryptography Algorithm And Key Exchange Method for Small Scale Devices

Geo Informatics team will port its current method of surveying which is on paper based on web based and mobile application. All this survey data are confidential for Government purpose. With the current revolution of smart devices, this paper exercise can be converted to digital experience, thereby reducing, analyzing time, increasing accuracy and this data should be secure. These systems require efficient and fast encryption algorithm because all data are confidential data and the data should not to be exposed. Various algorithms are already existing. As our system requirement symmetric algorithm is applicable. A number of symmetric key encryption algorithms like Vernam cipher, DES, 2 DES, AES, IDEA provide better security, but their execution speed is slow. These algorithms have their own security strength, execution speed and efficiency. The cryptography algorithm should be lightweight, fast execution and highly secure. In this study, the new security algorithm is proposed based on exiting symmetric key algorithm. This algorithm efficiency and execution speed will be better than other algorithms and security will be quite unbreakable. Integrity, confidentiality, authenticity, non-repudiation of data will also be ensured. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.15052

Drug use in acute otitis media: a prospective study at a tertiary care teaching hospital

Background: Drug use study identifies the problems that arise from prescription and highlights the current approaches to the rational use of drugs. The objective of the study was to assess drug use pattern in patients diagnosed of acute otitis media in tertiary care teaching hospital.Methods: This prospective observational study was carried in the Otorhinolaryngology department of a tertiary care teaching hospital over a period of twelve months. The data collected for patients with acute otitis media included the patient's demographic details and the drugs prescribed. Data were analysed for drug use pattern and cost per prescription and assessment of rationality of prescription.Results: Total 153 patients were analysed, 100 (65.35%) belonged to male patients and 53 (34.65%) belonged to female patients. Children less than 2years age were the most diagnosed with AOM 47.71%, the major diagnostic symptoms were earache (58.16%) and fever (54.90%) and signs were congestion (52.94%) and discharge (43.13%). In a total 153 prescriptions (469 drugs), 33.68% were antimicrobials, followed by mineral supplements (23.67%). Average number of drugs per prescription was found to be 3.0. Most common antibiotic prescribed was amoxicillin (with or without clavulanate) in 142 (92.81%) patients. Paracetamol alone or in fixed dose combination with antihistaminics were prescribed in 131 patients. Average cost per prescription was 87.74(±35.67) Indian rupees. Seventeen (11.11%) prescriptions were rational in all the aspects based on standard guidelines.Conclusions: The present study showed that paracetamol and amoxicillin with or without clavulanate were mostly commonly prescribed in children with AOM. Irrational prescribing was seen in maximum number of cases

Prescription and cost-analysis of antiemetic medication use in pediatric wards: a prospective observational study

Background: Use of anti-emetic drugs in pediatric population is often warranted, but choice of drug remains questionable within pediatricians. Objective of current study is: to study prescribing pattern and to calculate cost of antiemetic drug therapy in pediatric wards.Methods: A prospective, observational study was conducted in pediatric wards of a tertiary care hospital of over 14 month’s duration. Institutional ethics committee approval was obtained and written informed consent of parents/guardians was taken. Data of any pediatric patient receiving anti-emetic agent were included in the study.Results: A total of 218 prescriptions were collected. Mean age of patients was 4.39±3.16 (range 4 months to 12 years). Gastroenteritis was the most frequently diagnosed disease in 137(63%) patients. Domperidone was prescribed in 52.4% and ondansetron in 47.6% children. Oral liquid dosage formulation was prescribed in 109 (48.4%) followed by solid dosage form 47 (20.9%). Mean cost of domperidone therapy was 25.34±6.55 INR and for ondansetron it was 36.62±17.94 INR.Conclusions: Gastroenteritis was most frequent indication for use of anti-emetics. Domperidone pharmacotherapy was cheaper and most frequently prescribed than ondansetron

FORMULATION AND PROCESS OPTIMIZATION OF GASTRO-RETENTIVE FLOATING TABLET OF ONDANSETRON HCL

Ondansetron HCl is a potent, highly selective 5-HT3receptor-antagonist used to prevent nausea andvomiting, mainly in patients undergoing chemotherapyand radiation treatments. The aim of present work wasto formulate, evaluate and optimize gastro-retentivetablet of Ondansetron HCl which would beadvantageous, that can provide prolong gastricretention and increase efficacy of the dosage form. Informulation optimization, different formulation ofHPMC polymer, NaCMC and NaHCO3 were studiedwith help of 32 full factorial designs. It was found thatHPMC K4M with concentration 40%, NaCMC 5%and NaHCO3 with 17% concentrations showed goodsustained and floating ability and it releases 94.51%drug within 24 hrs. During study of effect of processparameters, it was concluded that release of drugdecreases with decreasing granular size. The dryingtime (10 and 20 min) and drying temperature (40° and50°C), does not have any significant effect on therelease profile of drug

Comparative study of the binding characteristics to and inhibitory potencies towards PARP and in vivo antidiabetogenic potencies of taurine, 3-aminobenzamide and nicotinamide

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Poly(ADP-ribose) is a NAD⁺-requiring, DNA-repairing, enzyme playing a central role in pancreatic β-cell death and in the development of endothelial dysfunction in humans and experimental animals. PARP activation is also relevant to the development of complications of diabetes. Hence, agents capable of inhibiting PARP may be useful in preventing the development of diabetes and in slowing down complications of diabetes.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>PARP inhibition was assessed with a colorimetric assay kit. Molecular docking studies on the active site of PARP were conducted using the crystalline structure of the enzyme available as Protein Data Bank Identification No. 1UK1. Type 2 diabetes was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats with streptozotocin (STZ, 60 mg/kg, i.p.). The test compounds (3-aminobenzamide = 3-AB, nicotinamide = NIC, taurine = TAU) were given by the i.p. route 45 min before STZ at 2.4 mM/kg (all three compounds) or 1.2 and 3.6 mM/kg (only NIC and TAU). Blood samples were collected at 24 hr after STZ and processed for their plasma. The plasma samples were used to measure glucose, insulin, cholesterol, triglycerides, malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, and glutathione levels using reported methods.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>3-AB, NIC and TAU were able to inhibit PARP, with the inhibitory potency order being 3-AB>NIC>>TAU. Molecular docking studies at the active site of PARP showed 3-AB and NIC to interact with the binding site for the nicotinamide moiety of NAD⁺ and TAU to interact with the binding site for the adenine moiety of NAD⁺. While STZ-induced diabetes elevated all the experimental parameters examined and lowered the insulin output, a pretreatment with 3-AB, NIC or TAU reversed these trends to a significant extent. At a dose of 2.4 mm/kg, the protective effect decreased in the approximate order 3-AB>NIC≥TAU. The attenuating actions of both NIC and TAU were dose-related except for the plasma lipids since NIC was without a significant effect at all doses tested.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>At equal molar doses, 3-AB was generally more potent than either TAU or NIC as an antidiabetogenic agent, but the differences were not as dramatic as would have been predicted from their differences in PARP inhibitory potencies. NIC and TAU demonstrated dose-related effects, which in the case of TAU were only evident at doses ≥2.4 mM/kg. The present results also suggest that in the case of NIC and TAU an increase in dose will enhance the magnitude of their attenuating actions on diabetes-related biochemical alterations to that achieved with a stronger PARP inhibitor such as 3-AB. Hence, dosing will play a critical role in clinical studies assessing the merits of NIC and TAU as diabetes-preventing agents.</p