Effects of Annealing on Structural Properties of Copper Zinc Tin Sulphide (CZTS) Material

Copper Zinc Tin Sulphide compound was synthesized from its elemetal precursurs using simple solid state method. Being quarternary material, there is a large probability of formation of secondary phases like SnS, ZnS, CuS during the material growth process and it requires a detail investigation on the effects of synthesis parameters on the composition and structural properties of the CZTS compound. Here we report the study of effects of annealing on the synthesized compound. The annealing was performed at two different temperatures in the presence of Sulphur. The structural and compositional properties of the as-grown and annealed samples were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-Ray (EDAX). The formation of Kesterite CZTS phase was confirmed by Raman Spectroscopy. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/3102

Temperature dependent I-V characteristics of Ag/p-Sn0.2Se0.8 thin film Schottky barrier diode

Ag/p-Sn0.2Se0.8 Schottky barrier diodes have been fabricated and characterized by the current-voltage (I-V) technique as a function of temperature in the range of 303 K to 403 K. The forward bias characteristics have been analyzed on the basis of thermionic emission (TE) theory and the characteristic parameters of Schottky barrier diode such as barrier height, ideality factor and series resistance have been determined. The conventional Richardson plot was drawn and the value of Richardson constant was determined using the intersection of Ln(I0/T2) vs 1000/T. It is found to be around 15 Acm – 2K – 2 which is closer to the reported value for SnSe. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/2212

Nonlinear thermo-elastic buckling characteristics of cross-ply laminated joined conical–cylindrical shells

AbstractHere, the nonlinear thermo-elastic buckling/post-buckling characteristics of laminated circular conical–cylindrical/conical–cylindrical–conical joined shells subjected to uniform temperature rise are studied employing semi-analytical finite element approach. The nonlinear governing equations, considering geometric nonlinearity based on von Karman’s assumption for moderately large deformation, are solved using Newton–Raphson iteration procedure coupled with displacement control method to trace the pre-buckling/post-buckling equilibrium path. The presence of asymmetric perturbation in the form of small magnitude load spatially proportional to the linear buckling mode shape is assumed to initiate the bifurcation of the shell deformation. The study is carried out to highlight the influences of semi-cone angle, material properties and number of circumferential waves on the nonlinear thermo-elastic response of the different joined shell systems

Afterword

In the time since our 2010 workshop, the European Union has generated a good deal of drama. A serious debt crisis in Greece was repeated in Ireland, Spain, Italy, and Portugal. It threatened to undermine the basic fabric of not only the Eurozone but also of the entire European project, according to some pessimists. Commitment to the implementation of drastic, but much-needed fiscal reforms stood against the idea of European solidarity and a radical, Europe-wide growth plan. The many reform steps that the member states agreed on brought partial remedy but most were concluded under considerable time pressure, in which global markets instead of parliamentary procedures dictated the speed and direction. What they did bring was greater power of oversight for Brussels, yet at the time of this writing, it is still unclear how and if the sovereign debt crisis will be resolved on a more permanent basis. Much of the commentary about the crisis, which in fact came to seem less like a crisis than a saga over the course of 2011 and 2012, placed the blame for it on two sources, primarily: the after effect of the 2008 global financial collapse and the structural flaws of the Maastricht Treaty. The latter case relates directly to the various themes and problems raised in the preceding chapters. To recapitulate the standard, although oversimplified and perhaps overdrawn calculus of German reunification: it was meant to take place within a stronger European institutional structure, which the Treaty of Maastricht and the various NATO-related promises – described in detail in Frédéric Bozo’s chapter – were supposed to bring about. Specifically, it also meant the adoption of a new currency – the Euro – that, largely on French insistence, Germany had to support and, largely on Jacques Delors’s insistence, Europe had to embrace as the means to counter Margaret Thatcher’s push for a liberalized internal market. Both went against the instincts of many people, particularly in West Germany where a strong Deutschmark and various forms of protection were sacrosanct, but Helmut Kohl agreed to the compromise. © Cambridge University Press 2013

Introduction: Old barriers, new openings

The inspiration for this collection is straightforward. “Study problems, not periods,” Lord Acton advised; yet the 1980s – whether or not these years mark a distinct period – pose a significant problem for contemporary historians because of the rapidity of so many momentous changes in the world. The history of these years has only just begun to be examined, and for many scholars, it centers on a return to the high politics of the Cold War: the years between 1979 and 1989 saw a heightening of military tension between the superpowers, with the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 and the reinvigoration of conflicts across Latin America and Africa, reaching its worst point around 1983. This was followed by so dramatic a reduction in hostilities that contemporaries would declare the Cold War over by the end of the decade. The effects of this change were particularly dramatic in and for Europe. Indeed, 1989 has entered the canon of international history with dates such as 1648, 1815, and 1914 as one of Europe’s major turning points. Germany would soon be reunified, the Soviet Union dismantled, and Europe, in U.S. president George H. W. Bush’s popular phrase, could become “whole and free.” This narrative, tilted heavily toward the very end of the decade, has overlooked or underplayed nearly every other event from the onset of détente in the 1970s to the wars of Yugoslav succession. © Cambridge University Press 2013

Effects of Annealing on Structural Properties of Copper Zinc Tin Sulphide (CZTS) Material

Copper Zinc Tin Sulphide compound was synthesized from its elemetal precursurs using simple solid state method. Being quarternary material, there is a large probability of formation of secondary phases like SnS, ZnS, CuS during the material growth process and it requires a detail investigation on the effects of synthesis parameters on the composition and structural properties of the CZTS compound. Here we report the study of effects of annealing on the synthesized compound. The annealing was performed at two different temperatures in the presence of Sulphur. The structural and compositional properties of the as-grown and annealed samples were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-Ray (EDAX). The formation of Kesterite CZTS phase was confirmed by Raman Spectroscopy. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/3102

Surfactant Free Synthesis and Study of Vanadium Pentoxide Nanostructure

The varied oxidation state and layered structure are two importance features of vanadium pentoxide which makes it more special. Here, vanadium pentoxide nanostructure has been synthesized by a surfactant free and ecofriendly method using ammonium vanadate as a precursor salt. Synthesized nanostructure were characterized using X-ray diffraction method (XRD), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDAX), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV-Visible spectroscopy to study its structural, compositional, morphology, vibrational modes and optical behavior. XRD and FTIR confirm the orthorhombic phase of the vanadium pentoxide with a layered structure of irregular plates as observed from the SEM micrograph. Moreover, the band gap of material is 2.13 eV as evaluated from UV-Visible data

Structure of wavefunctions in (1+2)-body random matrix ensembles

Abstrtact: Random matrix ensembles defined by a mean-field one-body plus a chaos generating random two-body interaction (called embedded ensembles of (1+2)-body interactions) predict for wavefunctions, in the chaotic domain, an essentially one parameter Gaussian forms for the energy dependence of the number of principal components NPC and the localization length {\boldmath l}_H (defined by information entropy), which are two important measures of chaos in finite interacting many particle systems. Numerical embedded ensemble calculations and nuclear shell model results, for NPC and {\boldmath l}_H, are compared with the theory. These analysis clearly point out that for realistic finite interacting many particle systems, in the chaotic domain, wavefunction structure is given by (1+2)-body embedded random matrix ensembles.Comment: 20 pages, 3 figures (1a-c, 2a-b, 3a-c), prepared for the invited talk given in the international conference on `Perspectives in Theoretical Physics', held at Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad during January 8-12, 200

District level baseline survey of family planning program in Uttar Pradesh: Tehri Garhwal

Uttar Pradesh (UP) is the most populous state in India, with a population of 139 million, as of the 1991 census. The Sample Registration System in 1992 indicated a high population growth rate accompanied by a very high birth rate. The authorities have been taking several measures to contain the growth and bring a rapid decline in fertility rates. It is in this context that the Government of India and the United States Agency for International Development reached an agreement to begin the Innovations in Family Planning Services Project (IFPS) under the management of the State Innovations in Family Planning Services Agency (SIFPSA). In this context, it has been decided to take up baseline surveys in 15 districts spread over the different regions of the state. The work of conducting the surveys in Ghaziabad and Tehri Garhwal districts has been entrusted to the Centre for Development Research and Training, Madras. This report contains the details of the survey conducted in the district of Tehri Garhwal

District level baseline survey of family planning program in Uttar Pradesh: Nainital

In 1992, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and the United States Agency for International Development, New Delhi, began the Innovations in Family Planning Services Project (IFPS) under the management of the State Innovation in Family Planning Services Agency (SIFPSA), Lucknow. The goal was to reduce the fertility rate in Uttar Pradesh by expanding and improving family planning (FP) services. To achieve this, the IFPS project will support service innovations in the public and nongovernmental sectors and through contraceptive social marketing mechanisms. The Baseline Survey in Uttar Pradesh (BSUP) is being undertaken as one important component of the IFPS project. The BSUP is designed to provide information on fertility, FP, and maternal and child health care that will be helpful in monitoring and evaluating population and family welfare policies and programs. SIFPSA has designated the Population Council as the nodal organization responsible for providing technical guidance for the survey. The Indian Institute of Health Management Research, Jaipur, will conduct the survey in the district of Nainital