10 research outputs found

    āļ—āļąāļĻāļ™āļ„āļ•āļīāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„āļ•āđˆāļ­āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļœāļŠāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĨāļēāļ”āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļœāļĨāļ•āđˆāļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđƒāļˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢ āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāđ‰āļēāļ™āļĒāļēāļ„āļ“āļ°āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļĻāļēāļ•āļĢāđŒāđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡ Client Attitudes toward Marketing Mix Potentially Influencing Intention to Use Services of a Pharmacy School Affiliated Community Pharmacy

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    āļšāļ—āļ„āļąāļ”āļĒāđˆāļ­ āļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒ: āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ—āļąāļĻāļ™āļ„āļ•āļīāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„āļ•āđˆāļ­āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļœāļŠāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĨāļēāļ”āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļœāļĨāļ•āđˆāļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđƒāļˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļĄāļēāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāđ‰āļēāļ™āļĒāļēāļ„āļ“āļ°āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļĻāļēāļ•āļĢāđŒ āļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāđāļšāļšāļ āļēāļ„āļ•āļąāļ”āļ‚āļ§āļēāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļžāļĢāļĢāļ“āļ™āļē āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđāļšāļšāļŠāļ­āļšāļ–āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ€āļāđ‡āļšāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļˆāļēāļāļœāļđāđ‰āļĄāļēāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļđāļ™āļĒāđŒāļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāļŠāļĄāđ€āļ”āđ‡āļˆāļžāļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļž āļŊ āļŠāļĒāļēāļĄāļšāļĢāļĄāļĢāļēāļŠāļāļļāļĄāļēāļĢāļĩ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒ āļāļēāļ•āļīāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒ āļšāļļāļ„āļĨāļēāļāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļ™āļīāļŠāļīāļ•āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĨāļąāļĒāļĻāļĢāļĩāļ™āļ„āļĢāļīāļ™āļ—āļĢāļ§āļīāđ‚āļĢāļ’ āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļļāđˆāļĄāđāļšāļšāļŠāļ°āļ”āļ§āļāļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 500 āļ„āļ™ āđāļšāļšāļŠāļ­āļšāļ–āļēāļĄāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļāļĢāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒ āļ—āļąāļĻāļ™āļ„āļ•āļīāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ•āđˆāļ­āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļœāļŠāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĨāļēāļ”āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļœāļĨāļ•āđˆāļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđƒāļˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļĄāļēāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāđ‰āļēāļ™āļĒāļēāļ„āļ“āļ°āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļĻāļēāļ•āļĢāđŒāļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™Â  4 āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ 1) āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđāļšāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ 5 āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļĒāđˆāļ­āļĒ (āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒ āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāļ„āļąāļ”āļāļĢāļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļĢāļ„ āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĒāļē āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļž āđāļĨāļ°āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļāļēāļĢ) 2) āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļĢāļēāļ„āļē 3) āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆ āđāļĨāļ° 4) āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĨāļēāļ”  āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļ„āđˆāļēāđ€āļ‰āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ—āļąāļĻāļ™āļ„āļ•āļīāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ•āđˆāļ­āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļœāļŠāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĨāļēāļ”āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļœāļĨāļ•āđˆāļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđƒāļˆāļĄāļēāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāđ‰āļēāļ™āļĒāļēāļ„āļ“āļ°āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļĻāļēāļ•āļĢāđŒ 1) āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļ“āļ‘āđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāļĄāļĩāļ„āđˆāļēāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ 3.91 āđ€āļ•āđ‡āļĄ 5 āļ„āļ°āđāļ™āļ™ (āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļĒāđˆāļ­āļĒ: 3.88, 3.81, 3.89, 3.87 āđāļĨāļ° 4.14 āļ„āļ°āđāļ™āļ™ āļ•āļēāļĄāļĨāļģāļ”āļąāļš) 2) āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļĢāļēāļ„āļē 3.90 āļ„āļ°āđāļ™āļ™ 3) āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆ 4.00 āļ„āļ°āđāļ™āļ™ āđāļĨāļ° 4) āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĨāļēāļ” 3.96 āļ„āļ°āđāļ™āļ™ āļŠāļĢāļļāļ›: āļ—āļąāļĻāļ™āļ„āļ•āļīāļŊāļ—āļļāļāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļœāļĨāļ•āđˆāļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđƒāļˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļĄāļēāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāļˆāļēāļāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ™āļĒāļēāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļŠāļđāļ‡āļĒāļāđ€āļ§āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļąāļĻāļ™āļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļāļēāļĢ (4.14 āļ„āļ°āđāļ™āļ™) āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļœāļĨāļ•āđˆāļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđƒāļˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļĄāļēāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāļˆāļēāļāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ™āļĒāļēāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļŠāļđāļ‡āļŠāļļāļ” āļ”āļąāļ‡āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļĢāđ‰āļēāļ™āļĒāļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ“āļ°āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāļ„āļ§āļĢāđ€āļ™āđ‰āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļąāļšāļ­āļēāļˆāļēāļĢāļĒāđŒāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļˆāļđāļ‡āđƒāļˆāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĨāļđāļāļ„āđ‰āļēāļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđƒāļˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļĄāļēāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ™āļĒāļēāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļĄāļēāļāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™ āļ„āļģāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļ: āļ—āļąāļĻāļ™āļ„āļ•āļī, āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļœāļŠāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĨāļēāļ”, āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļąāļ”āļāļĢāļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļĢāļ„, āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĒāļē, āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļž, āļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļāļēāļĢAbstract Objective: To determine client attitudes toward marketing mix that potentially influence the intention to use service of a pharmacy school affiliated community pharmacy. Methods: In this cross-sectional survey study, sample consisted of patients and their family members receving services at the HRH Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Medical Center, Srinakharinwirot University (SWU), and students and employee of SWU. A sample of 500 respondents was recruited by a convenience sampling. Questionnaire asked about the respondent’s demographic characteristics, attitudes toward marketing mix potentially influencing the service use intention including attitudes toward 1) products and services with 5 sub-components (products, disease screening service, medication therapy management service, health behavior modification service, and academic services), 2) price, 3) place, and 4) promotion. Results: Out of a total of 5 points, mean scores of attitude toward 4 componentss of products and services, piece, place and promotion were 3.91, 3.90, 4.00 and 3.96 points, respectively. For the first component, mean scores of 5 sub-components were 3.88, 3.81, 3.89, 3.87 and 4.14 points, respectively. Conclusion: Most components and sub-components were in high level, except for the sub-component of academic services which had a highest level (4.14 points). School of pharmacy should enhance academic service capacity of the faculty memers to better serve the client. Keywords: attitude, marketing mix, disease screening, medication therapy management, health behavior modification, academic services 

    Interventions for healthy eating and physical activity among obese elementary schoolchildren : observing changes of the combined effects of behavioral models

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    The aim of this experimental research was to examine the effectiveness of the SSII-Healthy Eating Intervention and Physical Activity intervention programs at the end of intervention implementation in term of combined effects. The sample of this study was 21 students in Sawadeewittaya School, aged 9-11 years, who met the inclusion criteria and consented to participate in the study. The dependent variables included knowledge about obesity-related Type 2 diabetes, healthy eating behavior, healthy eating self-efficacy, healthy eating self-control, and BMI. The study interventions were the SSII-Healthy Eating Intervention Program, and the SSII-Physical Activity Intervention Program. Each of the two interventions was created using the self-efficacy, self-control, and implementation intention principles. The sample was first implemented with the SSII-Healthy Eating Intervention Program, followed by the SSII-Physical Activity Intervention. Data analysis was performed using SPSS for Windows. The statistical tests were descriptive statistics and One-way repeated measures ANOVA. Results showed that: 1) after the individual SSII-Healthy Eating Intervention Program; mean scores of knowledge about obesity-related Type 2 diabetes, healthy eating self-efficacy, healthy eating self-control, and healthy eating behavior significantly increased from the baseline and BMI significantly decreased. 2) The combined effect of the SSII-Healthy Eating and Physical Activity Intervention Programs on healthy eating behavior was greater than that of the individual SSII-Healthy Eating Intervention, but not for BMI

    Effectiveness of health literacy through transformative learning on glycemic control behavior in adult diabetes patients: a mixed methods approach

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    This research used a mixed methods intervention design. The research aimed to: 1) study the perspectives of diabetic adults and 2) investigate the effectiveness of health literacy through transformative learning of glycemic control. In study 1, through qualitative research, the perspectives of 13 diabetic adults in Bangkok, Thailand, were examined using in-depth interviews. The findings were divided into three themes that reflected the beliefs of the patients: 1) the serious nature of the disease; 2) that made life difficult; and 3) that the glycemic control relied on patients’ sense of self-reliance and efficacy. The perspectives towards health literacy consisted of two themes: 1) information must be analyzed and evaluated before usage; and 2) hierarchical relationship influences the communication between providers and patients. The study 2 was an experimental research, in which consisted of 40 diabetic adults, divided equally into 2 groups; the experimental (20 participants) and control (20 participants) group. The instrument used were the glycemic control questionnaire, and the measurement of glycated hemoglobin (A1C). The intervention consisted of 4 sessions for 4 weeks, for two hours per session, and the final session was visiting their homes. The ANCOVA and repeated measures were applied for data analysis. The results revealed that: 1) the experimental group had more glycemic control and less A1C than the control group (p < 0.01); and 2) the experiment group had changing and maintaining in glycemic control and A1C (p < 0.01). The findings of this study could be useful for healthcare providers to develop the glycemic controlling program based on the patients’ contexts

    āļĢāļđāļ›āđāļšāļšāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļĢāļđāđ‰āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ™āļīāļŠāļīāļ•āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒ āļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĨāļąāļĒāļĻāļĢāļĩāļ™āļ„āļĢāļīāļ™āļ—āļĢāļ§āļīāđ‚āļĢāļ’ Learning Styles of Pharmacy Students at Srinakharinwirot University

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    Objective: 1) To explore the learning styles of pharmacy students atSrinakharinwirot University (SWU) and 2) to compare scores of learningstyles of pharmacy students regarding differences in gender, academicyear and program. Methods: The sample was 377 pharmacy students atSWU in the academic year of 2012. The study instrument was learningstyle questionnaire based on the theories of Grasha and Reichman, Kolband Carl Jung. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics including mean,standard deviation, and percentage. Inferential statistics including t-test andOne-Way ANOVA were used to test hypotheses. Results: Sensing-thinkingstyle was the most common among the students (66.58%) followed bycollaborative style (64.19%) and accommodation style (59.42%). Avoidancestyle showed the least frequency among the students. Learning stylessignificantly differed between genders, and among academic years andprograms. Conclusion: Among SWU pharmacy students, learning stylesdiffered regarding differences in gender, academic years and programs.Instructors should understand diversity of learning styles and a range ofteaching methods and learning activities should be provided in pharmacyeducation in order to match the variety of learning styles.Keywords: learning style, pharmacy students, Grasha &amp; Reichmann, DavidKolb, Carl Jun

    āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļœāļĨāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļ™āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ‚āļ›āļĢāđāļāļĢāļĄ ATutor āđƒāļ™āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāđ€āļ§āļ— 1 āđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāđ€āļ§āļ— 1 Effectiveness of e-Learning using ATutor in Pharmacognosy I and Pharmacognosy Laboratory I

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    āļšāļ—āļ„āļąāļ”āļĒāđˆāļ­āļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒ: āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļœāļĨāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļ™āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāđ€āļ§āļ— 1 āđāļĨāļ°āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāđ€āļ§āļ— 1 āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ‚āļ›āļĢāđāļāļĢāļĄ ATutor āđāļĨāļ°āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļˆāļ•āļ„āļ•āļīāļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ‚āļ›āļĢāđāļāļĢāļĄ ATutor āđāļĨāļ°āļœāļĨāļŠāļąāļĄāļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāļ—āđŒ āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāđ€āļ§āļ— 1 āđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāđ€āļ§āļ— 1 āļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđāļšāļšāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§āļ§āļąāļ”āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§ āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ„āļ·āļ­ āļ™āļīāļŠāļīāļ•āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāļŠāļąāļ™āđ‰ āļ›āļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆ 3 āļ āļēāļ„āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆ 1 āļ›āļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē 2553 āļ„āļ“āļ°āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒ āļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĨāļąāļĒāļĻāļĢāļĩāļ™āļ„āļĢāļīāļ™āļ—āļĢāļ§āļīāđ‚āļĢāļ’ āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĨāļ‡āļ—āļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļ™āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļŠāļ­āļ‡āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļ”āļąāļ‡āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§ āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 73 āļ„āļ™ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē āļ„āļ·āļ­ 1) āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāđ‡āļšāļĢāļ§āļšāļĢāļ§āļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āđāļšāļšāļŠāļ­āļšāļ–āļēāļĄāđ€āļˆāļ•āļ„āļ•āļīāļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāđ€āļ§āļ— 1 āđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāđ€āļ§āļ— 1 āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ‚āļ›āļĢāđāļāļĢāļĄATutor āđāļĨāļ°āđāļšāļšāļŠāļąāļĄāļ āļēāļĐāļ“āđŒāđāļšāļšāļāļķāđˆāļ‡āļĄāļĩāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡ āđāļĨāļ° 2) āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĢāļđāļ›āđāļšāļšāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļ™āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāđ€āļ§āļ— 1 āđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāđ€āļ§āļ— 1 āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ‚āļ›āļĢāđāļāļĢāļĄ ATutor āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļŠāļ­āļ™āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™ āļˆāļēāļāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļœāļĨāļŠāļąāļĄāļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāļ—āđŒ āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļāļąāļšāđ€āļˆāļ•āļ„āļ•āļīāđ‚āļ”āļĒāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ„āđˆāļēāļŠāļąāļĄāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļŠāđŒ āļŦāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒ āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē:āļ™āļīāļŠāļīāļ•āļĄāļĩāđ€āļˆāļ•āļ„āļ•āļīāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāđ€āļ§āļ— 1 āđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāđ€āļ§āļ— 1 āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ‚āļ›āļĢāđāļāļĢāļĄ ATutor āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāļœāļĨāļŠāļąāļĄāļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāļ—āđŒ āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ—āļąāļ‡āđ‰ āļŠāļ­āļ‡āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩ āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļēāđ€āļˆāļ•āļ„āļ•āļīāļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāđ€āļ§āļ— 1 āđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāđ€āļ§āļ— 1 āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļšāļ§āļāļāļąāļšāļœāļĨāļŠāļąāļĄāļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāļ—āđŒ āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāđ€āļ§āļ— 1 āđāļĨāļ°āļœāļĨāļŠāļąāļĄāļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāļ—āđŒ āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāđ€āļ§āļ— 1 āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ™āļąāļĒāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļīāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļš 0.05 āļŠāļĢāļļāļ›: āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāđ€āļ§āļ— 1 āđāļĨāļ°āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāđ€āļ§āļ— 1 āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ‚āļ›āļĢāđāļāļĢāļĄ ATutor āļĄāļĩāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļœāļĨāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩ āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļĒāļąāļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ€āļŠāļ™āļ­āđāļ™āļ°āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāļŠāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ‚āļ›āļĢāđāļāļĢāļĄ ATutor āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļģāđ€āļĢāđ‡āļˆāļ„āļģāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļ: ATutor, āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļœāļĨāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļ™, āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāđ€āļ§āļ— 1, āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāđ€āļ§āļ— 1AbstractObjective: To investigate the effectiveness of e-learning using ATutor inPharmacognosy 1 and Pharmacognosy Laboratory 1 courses. Therelationships among attitudes toward ATutor usage, students’ achievementrelated to Pharmacognosy 1 and Pharmacognosy Laboratory 1 were alsoexamined. Method: This study was one-group posttest-only design. Thesample was 73 third year pharmacy students, academic year 2011,enrolled in Pharmacognosy 1 and Pharmacognosy Laboratory 1. The studyintervention was learning activities using ATutor in both courses developedby course instructor. The measure was a questionnaire about attitudestoward ATutor usage. All students were asked to complete thequestionnaire at the end of the courses. The total scores ofPharmacognosy 1 and Pharmacognosy Laboratory 1 were also collected toanalyze learning achievement. Additionally, the perceptions of somestudents were collected with interview questions. The statistical tests weredescriptive statistics and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Results:Students had positive attitudes toward using ATutor as learning tools inPharmacognosy 1 and Pharmacognosy Laboratory 1. Achievements relatedto both courses were good. In addition, they were significantly positivecorrelation among those variables. Conclusion: ATutor was an effectivelearning tool in Pharmacognosy 1 and Pharmacognosy Laboratory 1courses. The findings also suggest supporting factors for such success.Keywords: ATutor, learning effectiveness, Pharmacognosy 1,Pharmacognosy Laboratory

    āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĄ āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļž āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ”āļđāđāļĨāļ•āļ™āđ€āļ­āļ‡ āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ”āļąāļ™āđ‚āļĨāļŦāļīāļ•āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ”āļąāļ™āđ‚āļĨāļŦāļīāļ•āļŠāļđāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļ­āļģāđ€āļ āļ­āđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡ āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āļ™āļ„āļĢāļ™āļēāļĒāļ Relationships among Social support, Health Beliefs, Self-care Behaviors and Blood Pressure of Hypertensive

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    Objective: To determine level of social support, health beliefs, self-carebehaviors and blood pressure of hypertensive patients, and to examinerelationships among those variables. Method: In this correlational study, asample of 200 hypertensive patients in Meuang district, Nakhonnayokprovince was interviewed by means of questionnaire. Descriptive statisticsand correlation coefficients were used for analysis. Results: Mean SBPand DBP blood pressures were 130.84 14.98 āđāļĨāļ° 78.59 10.61 mmHg,respectively. Overall social support, health beliefs, and self-care behaviorswere all in high level. It was found that social support positively correlatedwith health beliefs (r = 0.218, P &lt; 0.01), health belief was positivelycorrelated with self-care behaviors (r = 0.406), and self-care behavior wasnegatively correlated with diastolic blood pressure (r = -0.277), significantlywith P &lt; 0.01 for all correlations. Conclusion: Social support, healthbeliefs, and self-care behaviors of hypertensive patients in Meuang district,Nakhonnayok province were at high level. The correlations among thesefactors suggest that appropriate social support and health beliefs promotioncould lead to more effective self-care behaviors of hypertensive patientsand a better blood pressure control.Keywords: Self-care behavior, hypertension, health beliefs, social suppor

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    A Causal Relationship Model of Oral Hygiene Care Behavior and the Oral Hygiene Status of Early Adolescentsāļšāļ—āļ„āļąāļ”āļĒāđˆāļ­ āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŠāļ­āļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļāļĨāļĄāļāļĨāļ·āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļĄāđ€āļ”āļĨāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļŠāļēāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ”āļđāđāļĨāļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāļŠāđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ›āļēāļāļ•āļēāļĄāļŠāļĄāļĄāļ•āļīāļāļēāļ™āļāļąāļšāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļˆāļąāļāļĐāđŒ āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ‚āļ™āļēāļ”āļ­āļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļžāļĨāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļŠāļēāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ•āđˆāļ­āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ”āļđāđāļĨāļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāļŠāđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ›āļēāļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ§āļąāļĒāļĢāļļāđˆāļ™āļ•āļ­āļ™āļ•āđ‰āļ™ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĄāļĩāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļļāđˆāļĄāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđāļšāļšāđāļšāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļąāđ‰āļ™ āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ™āļąāļāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļŠāļąāđ‰āļ™āļĄāļąāļ˜āļĒāļĄāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ›āļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆ 1 āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 391 āļ„āļ™ āđ‚āļĄāđ€āļ”āļĨāļ•āļēāļĄāļŠāļĄāļĄāļ•āļīāļāļēāļ™ āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ•āļąāļ§āđāļ›āļĢāđāļāļ‡ 7 āļ•āļąāļ§ āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ§āļąāļ”āļ„āđˆāļēāļĄāļēāļˆāļēāļāļ•āļąāļ§āđāļ›āļĢāļŠāļąāļ‡āđ€āļāļ•āđ„āļ”āđ‰ 15 āļ•āļąāļ§ āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ āļ•āļąāļ§āđāļ›āļĢāđāļāļ‡āļ āļēāļĒāļ™āļ­āļ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ 1) āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđ‰āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļĢāļ„āđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāļŠāđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ›āļēāļ 2) āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āļˆāļđāļ‡āđƒāļˆāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļī āđāļĨāļ° 3) āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļđāđ‰āļ•āđˆāļ­āļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļ„āļļāļāļ„āļēāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļĢāļ„ āļ•āļąāļ§āđāļ›āļĢāđāļāļ‡āļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ™ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ 1) āđ€āļˆāļ•āļ„āļ•āļīāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļ”āļđāđāļĨāļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāļŠāđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ›āļēāļ 2) āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄ 3) āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ”āļđāđāļĨāļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāļŠāđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ›āļēāļ āđāļĨāļ° 4) āļŠāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāļŠāđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ›āļēāļ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđāļšāļšāļŠāļ­āļšāļ–āļēāļĄāđāļšāļšāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļēāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļ“āļ„āđˆāļē 6 āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļš āđāļĨāļ°āđāļšāļšāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāļŠāđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ›āļēāļ āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļīāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļāļēāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļĨāļīāļŠāđ€āļĢāļĨ āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļē āđ‚āļĄāđ€āļ”āļĨāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļŠāļēāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļ•āļēāļĄāļŠāļĄāļĄāļ•āļīāļāļēāļ™āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļāļĨāļĄāļāļĨāļ·āļ™āļāļąāļšāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļˆāļąāļāļĐāđŒ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĄāļĩāļ„āđˆāļē χ2=132.87, df=75, p-value=0.001, χ2/ df=1.77; RMSEA=0.044 ;RMR=0.053; CFI=0.94; AGFI=0.93; GFI=0.96 āđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ­āļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļžāļĨāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ•āļĢāļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄ āļāļēāļĢāļ”āļđāđāļĨāļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāļŠāđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ›āļēāļ āļ„āļ·āļ­ āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĄāļĩāļ„āđˆāļēāļ­āļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļžāļĨ āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļāļąāļš .54 āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ­āļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļžāļĨāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ­āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļ•āđˆāļ­āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ”āļđāđāļĨāļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāļŠāđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ›āļēāļ āļ„āļ·āļ­ āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđ‰āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļĢāļ„āđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāļŠāđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ›āļēāļ āđ€āļˆāļ•āļ„āļ•āļīāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļ”āļđāđāļĨāļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāļŠāđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ›āļēāļ āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļđāđ‰āļ•āđˆāļ­āļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļ„āļļāļāļ„āļēāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļĢāļ„ āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āļˆāļđāļ‡āđƒāļˆāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļī āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĄāļĩāļ„āđˆāļēāļ­āļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļžāļĨāđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļāļąāļš .13 .45, -.32 āđāļĨāļ° .10 āļ•āļēāļĄāļĨāļģāļ”āļąāļš āļ•āļąāļ§āđāļ›āļĢāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđ‰āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļĢāļ„āđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāļŠāđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ›āļēāļ āđ€āļˆāļ•āļ„āļ•āļīāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļ”āļđāđāļĨāļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāļŠāđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ›āļēāļ āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļđāđ‰āļ•āđˆāļ­āļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļ„āļļāļāļ„āļēāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļĢāļ„ āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āļˆāļđāļ‡āđƒāļˆāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļī āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄ āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļ™āļ­āļ˜āļīāļšāļēāļĒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđāļ›āļĢāļ›āļĢāļ§āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ”āļđāđāļĨāļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāļŠāđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ›āļēāļ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 30 āļ„āļģāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļ: āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ”āļđāđāļĨāļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāļŠāđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ›āļēāļ āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļŠāļēāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļ āļ§āļąāļĒāļĢāļļāđˆāļ™āļ•āļ­āļ™āļ•āđ‰

    āļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āđƒāļ™āđ€āļ‚āļ•āļāļĢāļļāļ‡āđ€āļ—āļžāļĄāļŦāļēāļ™āļ„āļĢ (Project Management and Evaluation for Health Behavior Change of the Organizations in Bangkok Metropolis)

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    &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;The objectives of this evaluative research were: 1) to develop an evaluation and management model for health behavior change projects of the organizations in Bangkok metropolis, 2) to develop the conceptual framework for health behavior change base on principles of PROMISE Model and 3 Self, 3) to explore the outcomes of supervision and evaluation for health behavior change projects conducted by the participated organizations in Bangkok area, according to the project indicators, and 4) to study factors affecting project success and barrier to the project implementation. Totally,32 health behavior change projects conducted by 19 organizations in Bangkok area; these were managed and evaluated during May - December, 2008. The sample was 3,665 outpatients and unhealthy lifestyle people who were at risk for chronic diseases. Three study instruments were: 1) a 21-item questionnaire, in forms of a 4-point rating scale, 2) a structured interviewing form based on CIPP model to collect data from 3 groups of respondents, including 32 project leaders, 29 commanders of project leaders, and 128 clients, and 3) health behavior questionnaires for assessing 3 Self including self-efficacy, self-regulation, and self-care. The reliability of this 3 Self questionnaires was between 0.73 and 0.85. Research findings were as follows:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1. During project implementation, it was found that results from supervision and evaluation of the feasibility for project success based on CIPP Model revealed that opinions on the context, input, process, and product were at the very good level in total among 3 groups of respondents; including project leaders, commanders of project leaders, and clients.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2. After the project completion, 3 SELF health behaviors of the participants were statistically significant higher than before their participation at .01 level.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3. After the project completion, the participants had a better change according to the project indicators which were as follows: 1) bodily exercise behavior, 2) eating behavior, health knowledge, attitudes toward project, and health behaviors were statistically significant higher than those before participating in the project at 0.01 level, 3) Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, waist, weight, BMI, fasting blood glucose, and amount of cigarettes smoking per day were statistically significant lower than those before participating in the project, and 4) the indicators revealed a reduction in body fat, but this change was not statistically significant.Keywords:&nbsp;Project Management, Evaluation, Health Behavior Change&nbsp;āļšāļ—āļ„āļąāļ”āļĒāđˆāļ­&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļĢāļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļšāļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļœāļĨāđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĄāļĩāļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒ 1) āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļĢāļđāļ›āđāļšāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™ 2) āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļāļĢāļ­āļšāđāļ™āļ§āļ„āļīāļ”āļ•āļēāļĄāļŦāļĨāļąāļ PROMISE āđāļĨāļ° 3 Self āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļž 3) āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļœāļĨāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™ āđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡āđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ™āļžāļĪāļĐāļ āļēāļ„āļĄ - āļ˜āļąāļ™āļ§āļēāļ„āļĄ 2551 āļĄāļĩāļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 32 āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢ āļˆāļēāļ 19 āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĄāļĩāļœāļđāđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļˆāļēāļāļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļžāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ–āļđāļāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡ āļĢāļ§āļĄ 3,665 āļ„āļ™ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđāļšāļšāļŠāļ­āļšāļ–āļēāļĄāļ›āļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļ“āļ„āđˆāļē 4 āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļĢāļ§āļĄ 21 āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āđāļĨāļ°āđāļšāļšāļŠāļąāļĄāļ āļēāļĐāļ“āđŒāđāļšāļšāļĄāļĩāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡ āļ•āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāļ›āđāļšāļšāļ‹āļīāļ› (CIPP model) āļœāļđāđ‰āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ 3 āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļŦāļąāļ§āļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢ 32 āļ„āļ™āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļœāļđāđ‰āļšāļąāļ‡āļ„āļąāļšāļšāļąāļāļŠāļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļąāļ§āļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢ 29 āļ„āļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļœāļđāđ‰āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĢāļąāļšāļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢ 128āļ„āļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļšāļšāļŠāļ­āļšāļ–āļēāļĄāļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļž 3 Self āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āđāļšāļšāļŠāļ­āļšāļ–āļēāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļđāđ‰āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļžāļ•āļ™āđ€āļ­āļ‡ (Self-efficacy) āđāļšāļšāļŠāļ­āļšāļ–āļēāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļāļģāļāļąāļšāļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļžāļ•āļ™āđ€āļ­āļ‡(Self-regulation) āđāļšāļšāļŠāļ­āļšāļ–āļēāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ”āļđāđāļĨāļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļžāļ•āļ™āđ€āļ­āļ‡ (Self- care) āļĄāļĩāļ„āđˆāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāļąāđˆāļ™āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡ 0.73-0.85 āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒ āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļē &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1. āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ™āļīāđ€āļ—āļĻāđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļēāļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡ 3 āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄ āļĄāļĩāļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡ 4 āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ„āļ·āļ­ āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļšāļĢāļīāļšāļ— āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāļ™āļģāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļāļĢāļ°āļšāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļœāļĨāļĨāļąāļžāļ˜āđŒāđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĢāļ§āļĄāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ”āļĩāļĄāļēāļ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2. āļ āļēāļĒāļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļŠāļīāđ‰āļ™āļŠāļļāļ”āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢ āļœāļđāđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāļĄāļĩāļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļž 3 Self āļŠāļđāļ‡āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļāļ§āđˆāļēāļāđˆāļ­āļ™āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ™āļąāļĒāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļīāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļš .01 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3. āļœāļđāđ‰āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āđāļ›āļĨāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļĢāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒ āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ—āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđ‰ āļ—āļąāļĻāļ™āļ„āļ•āļīāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļž āļŠāļđāļ‡āļāļ§āđˆāļē āļāđˆāļ­āļ™āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ™āļąāļĒāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļīāļ—āļĩāđˆ .01 āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāļ„āđˆāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ”āļąāļ™āđ‚āļĨāļŦāļīāļ• āļĢāļ­āļšāđ€āļ­āļ§ āļ™āđ‰āļģāļŦāļ™āļąāļāļ•āļąāļ§ āļ„āđˆāļē BMI āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ™āđ‰āļģāļ•āļēāļĨ āđ„āļ‚āļĄāļąāļ™āđƒāļ™āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļ” āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āļšāļļāļŦāļĢāļĩāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļđāļšāļ•āđˆāļ­āļ§āļąāļ™ āļ•āđˆāļģāļāļ§āđˆāļēāļāđˆāļ­āļ™āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ™āļąāļĒāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļīāļ—āļĩāđˆ .01 āļ„āļģāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļ: āļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢ āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļœāļĨ āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļž&nbsp

    Microsoft Word - 0 āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļŦāļ™āđ‰āļē JBS

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    The aim of this experimental research was to examine the effectiveness of the SSII-Healthy Eating Intervention and Physical Activity intervention programs at the end of intervention implementation in term of combined effects. The sample of this study was 21 students in Sawadeewittaya School, aged 9-11 years, who met the inclusion criteria and consented to participate in the study. The dependent variables included knowledge about obesity-related Type 2 diabetes, healthy eating behavior, healthy eating self-efficacy, healthy eating self-control, and BMI. The study interventions were the SSII-Healthy Eating Intervention Program, and the SSII-Physical Activity Intervention Program. Each of the two interventions was created using the self-efficacy, self-control, and implementation intention principles. The sample was first implemented with the SSII-Healthy Eating Intervention Program, followed by the SSII-Physical Activity Intervention. Data analysis was performed using SPSS for Windows. The statistical tests were descriptive statistics and One-way repeated measures ANOVA. Results showed that: 1) after the individual SSII-Healthy Eating Intervention Program; mean scores of knowledge about obesity-related Type 2 diabetes, healthy eating self-efficacy, healthy eating self-control, and healthy eating behavior significantly increased from the baseline and BMI significantly decreased. 2) The combined effect of the SSII-Healthy Eating and Physical Activity Intervention Programs on healthy eating behavior was greater than that of the individual SSII-Healthy Eating Intervention, but not for BMI

    āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ™āļēāļĒāļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ­āđ‰āļ§āļ™: āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļĪāļĐāļŽāļĩāļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ•āļēāļĄāđāļœāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļ•āļąāļ§āđāļ›āļĢāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ‚āļĒāļēāļĒ

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    Predicting obesity prevention behavior: efficacy of the extended theory of planned behaviorThe purposes of study were to 1) examine the consistency of the proposed causal relationship model of obesity prevention behavior, including physical activity and eating behavior models, with empirical data and 2) to identify direct and indirect effects of factors predicting those two behaviors based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and past behavior. The sample was 418 bachelor degree students in semester 2, academic year 2015, Srinakharinwirot University. Self-administered questionnaires based on the TPB were used for data collection, including the TPB questionnaires for eating behavior and physical activity. The proposed models were tested and modified by path analyses. The final models adequately fit to the empirical data. Regarding causal relationship model of eating behavior, intention and past eating behavior had positive direct effects on the eating behavior (Îē = 0.27 and 0.55, respectively), which past eating behavior was the strongest predictor. Behavioral beliefs, normative beliefs, control beliefs, attitudes, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control, had significant effects on intention and eating behavior. Past eating behavior also had direct effects on attitudes and perceived behavioral control. All predictors in the causal relationship model accounted for 45% of variance in eating behavior. With regards to physical activity, intention and past physical activity had positive direct effects on physical activity (Îē = 0.17 and 0.46, respectively), which past physical activity was the best predictor. Normative beliefs, control beliefs, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control had significant effects on intention and physical activity. Behavioral beliefs and attitudes had significant effects on intention, but not  physical activity. All variables in the model explained 25% of variance in physical activity.Keywords: theory of planned behavior, eating behavior, physical activity, past behaviorāļšāļ—āļ„āļąāļ”āļĒāđˆāļ­ āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­ 1) āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŠāļ­āļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļāļĨāļĄāļāļĨāļ·āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļĄāđ€āļ”āļĨāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļŠāļēāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ­āđ‰āļ§āļ™āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđāļĒāļāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ 2 āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄ āļ„āļ·āļ­ āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āđ„āļŦāļ§āļ­āļ­āļāļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡āļāļąāļšāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļˆāļąāļāļĐāđŒ āđāļĨāļ° 2) āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ­āļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļžāļĨāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ•āļĢāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ­āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļŠāļēāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļ•āļēāļĄāļ—āļĪāļĐāļŽāļĩāļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāđāļœāļ™āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļšāļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāđƒāļ™āļ­āļ”āļĩāļ•āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ•āđˆāļ­āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āđ„āļŦāļ§āļ­āļ­āļāļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡ āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ™āļīāļŠāļīāļ•āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļīāļāļāļēāļ•āļĢāļĩ āļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĨāļąāļĒāļĻāļĢāļĩāļ™āļ„āļĢāļīāļ™āļ—āļĢāļ§āļīāđ‚āļĢāļ’ āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 418 āļ„āļ™ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāđ‡āļšāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āđāļšāļšāļ§āļąāļ”āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āđ„āļŦāļ§āļ­āļ­āļāļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļšāļšāļ§āļąāļ”āļ•āļąāļ§āđāļ›āļĢāđƒāļ™āļ—āļĪāļĐāļŽāļĩāļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ•āļēāļĄāđāļœāļ™ āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļē āđ‚āļĄāđ€āļ”āļĨāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļŠāļēāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāļđāđ‰āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ āļēāļĒāļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļˆāļąāļāļĐāđŒ āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĄāđ€āļ”āļĨāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļŠāļēāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļē āđ€āļˆāļ•āļ™āļēāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļģāļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāđƒāļ™āļ­āļ”āļĩāļ•āļĄāļĩāļ­āļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļžāļĨāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ•āļĢāļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āđ€āļˆāļ•āļ„āļ•āļīāļ•āđˆāļ­āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļ•āļēāļĄāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ­āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ­āļīāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļģāļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļđāđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ•āļĢāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ­āđ‰āļ­āļĄ āļĄāļĩāļ­āļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļžāļĨāļ•āđˆāļ­āđ€āļˆāļ•āļ™āļēāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļģāļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāđƒāļ™āļ­āļ”āļĩāļ•āļĒāļąāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ­āļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļžāļĨāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ•āļĢāļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļđāđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ•āļĢāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļˆāļ•āļ„āļ•āļīāļ•āđˆāļ­āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ•āļĢāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āđ‚āļĄāđ€āļ”āļĨāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļŠāļēāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āđ„āļŦāļ§āļ­āļ­āļāļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļē āđ€āļˆāļ•āļ™āļēāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļģāļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āđ„āļŦāļ§āļ­āļ­āļāļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡ āđāļĨāļ°āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āđ„āļŦāļ§āļ­āļ­āļāļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļ­āļ”āļĩāļ• āļĄāļĩāļ­āļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļžāļĨāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ•āļĢāļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āđ„āļŦāļ§āļ­āļ­āļāļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡ āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļ•āļēāļĄāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ­āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ­āļīāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļģāļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āđ„āļŦāļ§āļ­āļ­āļāļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ•āļĢāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ­āđ‰āļ­āļĄ āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļđāđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āđ„āļŦāļ§āļ­āļ­āļāļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ•āļĢāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ­āđ‰āļ­āļĄ āļĄāļĩāļ­āļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļžāļĨāļ•āđˆāļ­āđ€āļˆāļ•āļ™āļēāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļģāļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āđ„āļŦāļ§āļ­āļ­āļāļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āđ„āļŦāļ§āļ­āļ­āļāļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡ āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āđ€āļˆāļ•āļ„āļ•āļīāļ•āđˆāļ­āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ•āļĢāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ­āđ‰āļ­āļĄ āļĄāļĩāļ­āļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļžāļĨāļ•āđˆāļ­āđ€āļˆāļ•āļ™āļēāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļģāļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āđ„āļŦāļ§āļ­āļ­āļāļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡āđāļ•āđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ­āļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļžāļĨāļ•āđˆāļ­āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āđ„āļŦāļ§āļ­āļ­āļāļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡ āļ„āļģāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļ: āļ—āļĪāļĐāļŽāļĩāļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ•āļēāļĄāđāļœāļ™ āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āđ„āļŦāļ§āļ­āļ­āļāļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡Â  āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāđƒāļ™āļ­āļ”āļĩ
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