Simultaneous high-speed spectroscopy and 2-color pyrometry analysis in an optical compression ignition engine fueled with OME X -diesel blends

[EN] E-fuels are a very attractive way for improving the well-to-wheel emissions of CO 2 in internal combustion engines. In the particular case of compression ignition engines, the Oxymethylene dimethyl ether (OME X ), an e-fuel with nearly soot-free combustion under mixing-controlled conditions, is a good candidate for the replacement of fossil fuels. However, the Lower Heating Value of OME X is nearly half of the diesel fuel, which means that much longer injection durations are required in the real engine. In addition, the very low viscosity and lubricity of OME X can damage the injection system if used pure, but it can be an interesting fuel when blended with conventional diesel. Thus, the main objective of this paper is to evaluate the potential of OME X -diesel blends to bypass these OME X limitations whilst keeping low soot formation trends. For this purpose, a single cylinder optical diesel engine at part load was employed. The soot production for the different fuel blends was analyzed by applying three different high-speed imaging techniques: natural luminosity, flame spectroscopy and 2-color pyrometry. Natural luminosity analysis showed that the flame light intensity scales with diesel fraction up to 30% of diesel in the blend. The spectroscopy analysis has revealed that soot formation of OME X fuel is almost null. When blended with diesel at 50%, although soot formation is still lower than for pure diesel, higher soot levels are obtained in the last stages of the cycle as a consequence of the longer injections required.This work was partially funded by Generalitat Valenciana through the Programa Santiago Grisola (GRISOLIAP/2018/142) program.Pastor, JV.; García Martínez, A.; Micó, C.; De Vargas Lewiski, F. (2021). Simultaneous high-speed spectroscopy and 2-color pyrometry analysis in an optical compression ignition engine fueled with OME X -diesel blends. Combustion and Flame. 230:1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2021.111437S11323

Allergy to Uncommon Pets: New Allergies but the Same Allergens.

The prevalence of exotic pet allergies has been increasing over the last decade. Years ago, the main allergy-causing domestic animals were dogs and cats, although nowadays there is an increasing number of allergic diseases related to insects, rodents, amphibians, fish, and birds, among others. The current socio-economic situation, in which more and more people have to live in small apartments, might be related to this tendency. The main allergic symptoms related to exotic pets are the same as those described for dog and cat allergy: respiratory symptoms. Animal allergens are therefore, important sensitizing agents and an important risk factor for asthma. There are three main protein families implicated in these allergies, which are the lipocalin superfamily, serum albumin family, and secretoglobin superfamily. Detailed knowledge of the characteristics of allergens is crucial to improvement treatment of uncommon-pet allergies

An optical investigation of Fischer-Tropsch diesel and Oxymethylene dimethyl ether impact on combustion process for CI engines

[EN] Synthetic fuels (E-fuels) have shown to be an interesting alternative to replace the fossil diesel fuel due to its CO2 reduction potential as well as for their capability to diminish the soot production and therefore for improving the soot-NOX trade-off in Compression Ignition engines. Thus, the main objective of this paper was to better understand the combustion process and the in-cylinder soot formation of two of the most popular E-fuels currently: Fischer-Tropsch (FT) diesel and Oxymethylene dimethyl ether (OMEX). To achieve this aim, a single cylinder optical CI engine with a commercial piston geometry was used. Thee optical techniques (Natural Luminosity-NL, OH* chemiluminescence and 2-color pyrometry) were applied to analyze the combustion evolution and quantify the soot formation at different loads (1.5, 4.5 and 7.5 bar IMEP). OMEX presented the largest injection duration due to the low LHV. For the NL analysis, OMEX showed the lowest light intensity for the three loads tested, indicating a very low soot production. Despite of the low NL intensity, it presented the highest OH* chemiluminescence signal, indicating a higher presence of near-stoichiometric zones due to the high amount of oxygen. Regarding FT diesel, it showed a combustion behavior similar to the commercial diesel. NL, OH* and 2-color technique analysis indicated that for the three conditions tested, FT diesel presented lower soot production and a faster soot oxidation than commercial diesel.This work was partially funded by Generalitat Valenciana through the Programa Santiago Grisolia (GRISOLIAP/2018/142) program.Pastor, JV.; García Martínez, A.; Mico Reche, C.; De Vargas Lewiski, F. (2020). An optical investigation of Fischer-Tropsch diesel and Oxymethylene dimethyl ether impact on combustion process for CI engines. Applied Energy. 260:1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114238S112260Benajes, J., García, A., Monsalve-Serrano, J., & Lago Sari, R. (2018). Fuel consumption and engine-out emissions estimations of a light-duty engine running in dual-mode RCCI/CDC with different fuels and driving cycles. Energy, 157, 19-30. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2018.05.144Dronniou, N., Kashdan, J., Lecointe, B., Sauve, K., & Soleri, D. (2014). Optical Investigation of Dual-fuel CNG/Diesel Combustion Strategies to Reduce CO2 Emissions. SAE International Journal of Engines, 7(2), 873-887. doi:10.4271/2014-01-1313Tanov, S., Wang, Z., Wang, H., Richter, M., & Johansson, B. (2015). Effects of Injection Strategies on Fluid Flow and Turbulence in Partially Premixed Combustion (PPC) in a Light Duty Engine. SAE Technical Paper Series. doi:10.4271/2015-24-2455Zha, K., Busch, S., Warey, A., Peterson, R. C., & Kurtz, E. (2018). A Study of Piston Geometry Effects on Late-Stage Combustion in a Light-Duty Optical Diesel Engine Using Combustion Image Velocimetry. SAE International Journal of Engines, 11(6), 783-804. doi:10.4271/2018-01-0230Omari, A., Heuser, B., Pischinger, S., & Rüdinger, C. (2019). Potential of long-chain oxymethylene ether and oxymethylene ether-diesel blends for ultra-low emission engines. Applied Energy, 239, 1242-1249. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.02.035Hao, B., Song, C., Lv, G., Li, B., Liu, X., Wang, K., & Liu, Y. (2014). Evaluation of the reduction in carbonyl emissions from a diesel engine using Fischer–Tropsch fuel synthesized from coal. Fuel, 133, 115-122. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2014.05.025Kook, S., & Pickett, L. M. (2012). Liquid length and vapor penetration of conventional, Fischer–Tropsch, coal-derived, and surrogate fuel sprays at high-temperature and high-pressure ambient conditions. Fuel, 93, 539-548. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2011.10.004Rimkus, A., Žaglinskis, J., Rapalis, P., & Skačkauskas, P. (2015). Research on the combustion, energy and emission parameters of diesel fuel and a biomass-to-liquid (BTL) fuel blend in a compression-ignition engine. Energy Conversion and Management, 106, 1109-1117. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2015.10.047Schemme, S., Samsun, R. C., Peters, R., & Stolten, D. (2017). Power-to-fuel as a key to sustainable transport systems – An analysis of diesel fuels produced from CO 2 and renewable electricity. Fuel, 205, 198-221. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2017.05.061Lapuerta, M., Armas, O., Hernández, J. J., & Tsolakis, A. (2010). Potential for reducing emissions in a diesel engine by fuelling with conventional biodiesel and Fischer–Tropsch diesel. Fuel, 89(10), 3106-3113. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2010.05.013Gill, S. S., Tsolakis, A., Dearn, K. D., & Rodríguez-Fernández, J. (2011). Combustion characteristics and emissions of Fischer–Tropsch diesel fuels in IC engines. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 37(4), 503-523. doi:10.1016/j.pecs.2010.09.001Jiao, Y., Liu, R., Zhang, Z., Yang, C., Zhou, G., Dong, S., & Liu, W. (2019). Comparison of combustion and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with diesel and methanol-Fischer-Tropsch diesel-biodiesel-diesel blends at various altitudes. Fuel, 243, 52-59. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2019.01.107Abu-Jrai, A., Tsolakis, A., Theinnoi, K., Cracknell, R., Megaritis, A., Wyszynski, M. L., & Golunski, S. E. (2006). Effect of Gas-to-Liquid Diesel Fuels on Combustion Characteristics, Engine Emissions, and Exhaust Gas Fuel Reforming. Comparative Study. Energy & Fuels, 20(6), 2377-2384. doi:10.1021/ef060332aSchaberg, P., Botha, J., Schnell, M., Hermann, H.-O., Pelz, N., & Maly, R. (2005). Emissions Performance of GTL Diesel Fuel and Blends with Optimized Engine Calibrations. SAE Technical Paper Series. doi:10.4271/2005-01-2187Iannuzzi, S. E., Barro, C., Boulouchos, K., & Burger, J. (2016). Combustion behavior and soot formation/oxidation of oxygenated fuels in a cylindrical constant volume chamber. Fuel, 167, 49-59. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2015.11.060Pellegrini, L., Marchionna, M., Patrini, R., Beatrice, C., Del Giacomo, N., & Guido, C. (2012). Combustion Behaviour and Emission Performance of Neat and Blended Polyoxymethylene Dimethyl Ethers in a Light-Duty Diesel Engine. SAE Technical Paper Series. doi:10.4271/2012-01-1053Zhu, R., Wang, X., Miao, H., Huang, Z., Gao, J., & Jiang, D. (2008). Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engines Fueled with Diesel−Dimethoxymethane (DMM) Blends. Energy & Fuels, 23(1), 286-293. doi:10.1021/ef8005228Härtl, M., Seidenspinner, P., Jacob, E., & Wachtmeister, G. (2015). Oxygenate screening on a heavy-duty diesel engine and emission characteristics of highly oxygenated oxymethylene ether fuelOME1. Fuel, 153, 328-335. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2015.03.012Omari, A., Heuser, B., & Pischinger, S. (2017). Potential of oxymethylenether-diesel blends for ultra-low emission engines. Fuel, 209, 232-237. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2017.07.107Ma, X., Ma, Y., Sun, S., Shuai, S.-J., Wang, Z., & Wang, J.-X. (2017). PLII-LEM and OH* Chemiluminescence Study on Soot Formation in Spray Combustion of PODEn-Diesel Blend Fuels in a Constant Volume Vessel. SAE Technical Paper Series. doi:10.4271/2017-01-2329Liu, H., Wang, Z., Zhang, J., Wang, J., & Shuai, S. (2017). Study on combustion and emission characteristics of Polyoxymethylene Dimethyl Ethers/diesel blends in light-duty and heavy-duty diesel engines. Applied Energy, 185, 1393-1402. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.10.183Lumpp, B., Rothe, D., Pastötter, C., Lämmermann, R., & Jacob, E. (2011). OXYMETHYLENE ETHERS AS DIESEL FUEL ADDITIVES OF THE FUTURE. MTZ worldwide, 72(3), 34-38. doi:10.1365/s38313-011-0027-zLiu, H., Wang, Z., Wang, J., & He, X. (2016). Improvement of emission characteristics and thermal efficiency in diesel engines by fueling gasoline/diesel/PODEn blends. Energy, 97, 105-112. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2015.12.110Chen, H., Su, X., Li, J., & Zhong, X. (2019). Effects of gasoline and polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers blending in diesel on the combustion and emission of a common rail diesel engine. Energy, 171, 981-999. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2019.01.089Payri, R., De La Morena, J., Monsalve-Serrano, J., Pesce, F. C., & Vassallo, A. (2018). Impact of counter-bore nozzle on the combustion process and exhaust emissions for light-duty diesel engine application. International Journal of Engine Research, 20(1), 46-57. doi:10.1177/1468087418819250De Simio, L., & Iannaccone, S. (2019). Gaseous and particle emissions in low-temperature combustion diesel–HCNG dual-fuel operation with double pilot injection. Applied Energy, 253, 113602. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113602Denny, M., Holst, F., Helmantel, A., Persson, H., Tunestål, P., & Andersson, Ö. (2019). Impact of closely-coupled triple-pilot and conventional double-pilot injection strategies in a LD diesel engine. Fuel, 246, 141-148. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2019.02.101Pastor, J. V., García-Oliver, J. M., García, A., & Pinotti, M. (2016). Laser induced plasma methodology for ignition control in direct injection sprays. Energy Conversion and Management, 120, 144-156. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2016.04.086Jakob, M., Hülser, T., Janssen, A., Adomeit, P., Pischinger, S., & Grünefeld, G. (2012). Simultaneous high-speed visualization of soot luminosity and OH∗ chemiluminescence of alternative-fuel combustion in a HSDI diesel engine under realistic operating conditions. Combustion and Flame, 159(7), 2516-2529. doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2012.03.004Pastor, J. V., García-Oliver, J. M., García, A., Micó, C., & Möller, S. (2016). Application of optical diagnostics to the quantification of soot in n-alkane flames under diesel conditions. Combustion and Flame, 164, 212-223. doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2015.11.018Xuan, T., Pastor, J. V., García-Oliver, J. M., García, A., He, Z., Wang, Q., & Reyes, M. (2019). In-flame soot quantification of diesel sprays under sooting/non-sooting critical conditions in an optical engine. Applied Thermal Engineering, 149, 1-10. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.11.112Payri, F., Molina, S., Martín, J., & Armas, O. (2006). Influence of measurement errors and estimated parameters on combustion diagnosis. Applied Thermal Engineering, 26(2-3), 226-236. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2005.05.006Payri, F., Olmeda, P., Martín, J., & García, A. (2011). A complete 0D thermodynamic predictive model for direct injection diesel engines. Applied Energy, 88(12), 4632-4641. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.06.005Pastor, J., Olmeda, P., Martín, J., & Lewiski, F. (2018). Methodology for Optical Engine Characterization by Means of the Combination of Experimental and Modeling Techniques. Applied Sciences, 8(12), 2571. doi:10.3390/app812257

A Synergic Application of High-Oxygenated E-Fuels and New Bowl Designs for Low Soot Emissions: An Optical Analysis

[EN] Synthetic fuels significantly reduce pollutant emissions and the carbon footprint of ICE applications. Among these fuels, oxymethylene dimethyl ethers (OMEX) are an excellent candidate to entirely or partially replace conventional fuels in compression ignition (CI) engines due to their attractive properties. The very low soot particle formation tendency allows the decoupling of the soot-NOX trade-off in CI engines. In addition, innovative piston geometries have the potential to reduce soot formation inside the cylinder in the late combustion stage. This work aims to analyze the potential of combining OMEX with an innovative piston geometry to reduce soot formation inside the cylinder. In this way, several blends of OMEX-Diesel were tested using a radial-lips bowl geometry and a conventional reentrant bowl. Tests were conducted in an optically accessible engine under simulated EGR conditions, reducing the in-cylinder oxygen content. For this purpose, 2-colour pyrometry and high-speed excited state hydroxyl chemiluminescence techniques were applied to trace the in-cylinder soot formation and oxidation processes. The results confirm that increasing OMEX in Diesel improves the in-cylinder soot reduction under low oxygen conditions for both piston geometries. Moreover, using radial lips bowl geometry significantly improves the soot reduction, from 17% using neat Diesel to 70% less at the highest OMEX quantity studied in this paper.This work has been partially funded by Universitat Politècnica de València through the program of access contracts for PhD research staff in Research Structures of the Universitat Politècnica de València with reference PAID-10-22. The presence of Cinzia Tornatore at Universitat Politècnica de València was funded by the Short Term Mobility (STM) Program of the Italian National Research Council.Pastor, JV.; Micó, C.; De Vargas Lewiski, F.; Tejada-Magraner, FJ.; Tornatore, C. (2023). A Synergic Application of High-Oxygenated E-Fuels and New Bowl Designs for Low Soot Emissions: An Optical Analysis. Applied Sciences. 13(14). https://doi.org/10.3390/app13148560131

Live the Unab - Issue 475

Cambios sustanciales en la composición de la Junta Directiva de la UNAB, la admisión de nuevos corporados, la entrada en vigencia de reformas y reglamentos, el balance financiero con todos sus bemoles así como un nuevo Plan de Desarrollo, fueron algunos de los temas planteados y aprobados en la Asamblea General de Corporados efectuada el pasado martes 12 de marzo en la Casona UNAB. “El 2018 fue un año muy especial no solo porque hubo cambio en la dirección de nuestra Institución al retirarse Alberto Montoya Puyana y llegar Juan Camilo Montoya Bozzi, sino porque hicimos una reforma al Gobierno Corporativo que incluyó un nuevo Código de Gobierno, Reforma Estatutaria, Código de Ética, Política de Arquitectura de Control, Reglamento del Comité Financiero, Reglamento Interno de la Junta Directiva, Reglamento del Consejo de Beneméritos y habremos de aprobar en un momento el Reglamento de esta Sala de Corporados.2018 fue un año de logros y cambios sustanciales en la UNAB; Por Pastor Virviescas Gómez…01 Julián de Zubiría habla sin tapujos de la universidad; Por Pastor Virviescas Gómez…10 “La docencia es apasionar a un joven y desarrollar unos procesos”; Por Pastor Virviescas Gómez…12 Bell Park es el nuevo asesor de internacionalización con Corea del Sur; Por Ludy Carolina Toscano Vargas…14 Homenaje de Afacom al profesor Guillermo León Aguilar Roldán; Por Pastor Virviescas Gómez…15 “Ahora con las redes sociales cualquiera tuitea y ya es periodista”: Andrés Marocco; Por Pastor Virviescas Gómez…16 Más de 1.000 egresados en los programas de UNAB-Unisangil; Por Carlos Wilfrido Neme Monroy…18 ‘Pinceles y Fogones’, obras y recetas de cuatro artistas en La Casona UNAB; Por Lynda Vanessa Bula Barbosa…19 Desafíos de la educación superior…20 Soluciones UNAB…20 Libro de Derecho…20Substantial changes in the composition of the UNAB Board of Directors, the admission of new corporations, the entry into force of reforms and regulations, the financial balance with all its flats as well as a new Development Plan, were some of the issues raised and approved at the General Assembly of Corporates held last Tuesday, March 12 at Casona UNAB. “2018 was a very special year not only because there was a change in the direction of our Institution when Alberto Montoya Puyana retired and Juan Camilo Montoya Bozzi arrived, but because we made a reform to the Corporate Governance that included a new Government Code, Statutory Reform, Code of Ethics, Control Architecture Policy, Regulation of the Financial Committee, Internal Regulation of the Board of Directors, Regulation of the Council of Beneméritos and we will have to approve in a moment the Regulation of this Chamber of Corporates

LTP Allergy Follow-Up Study: Development of Allergy to New Plant Foods 10 Years Later

Introduction: Allergy to nonspecific lipid transfer protein (nsLTP) is the main cause of plant-food allergy in Spain. nsLTPs are widely distributed in the plant kingdom and have high cross-reactivity but extremely variable clinical expression. Little is known about the natural evolution of this allergy, which complicates management. The objective of this study was to assess the development of allergy to new plant foods in nsLTP-sensitized patients 10 years after diagnosis. Methods: One hundred fifty-one patients showing specific IgE to nsLTP determined by ISAC (Thermofisher) were included. After clinical workup (i.e., anamnesis, skin test, and challenge when needed), these patients were divided into two groups: 113 patients allergic to one or more plant food (74.5%) and 38 patients not allergic to any plant food (25.1%). Ten years later, a telephone interview was conducted to check whether patients had developed additional allergic reactions to plant foods. Results: Ten years after diagnosis, 35 of the 113 (31%) plant-food-allergic patients sensitized to nsLTP reported reactions to new, previously tolerated plant foods, mainly Rosaceae/Prunoideae fruits and nuts followed by vegetables, Rosacea/Pomoideae fruits, legumes, and cereals. Five out of 38 (13.2%) patients previously sensitized to nsLTP but without allergy to any plant food had experienced allergic reactions to some plant food: two to Rosaceae/Prunoideae fruits, two to Rosaceae/Prunoideae fruit and nuts, and one to legumes. Conclusion: Patients sensitized to nsLTP developed allergic reactions to other plant foods, mainly Rosaceae-Prunoideae fruits and nuts. This was more frequent among plant-food-allergic patients than among those who had never had plant-food allergy

Garantismo y crisis de la justicia

Esta obra representa una importante reflexión teórica producto de la labor investigativa de sus autores, en torno a uno de los problemas de mayor actualidad en la sociedad contemporánea, cual es, la tensión permanente que se presenta entre la necesidad que tiene el Estado de garantizar un orden o control social y al mismo tiempo, la exigencia actual de la garantía y protección de los derechos fundamentales

Manual de Juegos Recreativos y Pre Deportivos para profesores de la educación básica

El presente manual es una guía que pretende facilitar el trabajo de campo de nuestros estudiantes y profesores y a la vez un instrumento de trabajo, en el que la técnica, la pedagogía y la psicología están íntimamente relacionados, con el cual se pretende llevar a los niños, jóvenes, y profesores, hacia el placer por las alegrías sanas del cuerpo e insensiblemente, preparar al individuo para la búsqueda de la acción deportiva y al descubrimiento de actividades para el tiempo libre. El Manual de Juegos Deportivos y Pre deportivos para docentes de Educación Básica tiene por objetivo lograr la intervención, participación y ejecución de todos los miembros de las familias, comunidades educativas y ciudadanía en general que contribuyan al desarrollo de las capacidades básicas y motrices de cada uno de ustedes como también en el cuidado de su salud mental y física. Este ejemplar está elaborado con el propósito de mejorar en las personas y en especial en nuestros estudiantes sus competencias motrices y los mecanismos perceptivos y de ejecución mediante los juegos y el sano entretenimiento, así como fomentar la sana competencia y el respeto a las normas, como medio para disfrutar de momentos familiares, al inicio o término de las sesiones de aprendizaje o simplemente como una distracción física o pasatiempo. El uso del presente manual permitirá retomar la práctica de algunos juegos que con el pasar de los años han quedado olvidados sin tomar en cuenta el valor y la importancia que estos poseen, además es importante señalar que el presente manual es una compilación de juegos, que han sido modificados y adoptados por nuestros estudiantes, evidenciando su aporte creativo en las variantes y los juegos de las diferentes áreas que hicieron su aporte al proyecto

Regulatory sites for splicing in human basal ganglia are enriched for disease-relevant information

Genome-wide association studies have generated an increasing number of common genetic variants associated with neurological and psychiatric disease risk. An improved understanding of the genetic control of gene expression in human brain is vital considering this is the likely modus operandum for many causal variants. However, human brain sampling complexities limit the explanatory power of brain-related expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) and allele-specific expression (ASE) signals. We address this, using paired genomic and transcriptomic data from putamen and substantia nigra from 117 human brains, interrogating regulation at different RNA processing stages and uncovering novel transcripts. We identify disease-relevant regulatory loci, find that splicing eQTLs are enriched for regulatory information of neuron-specific genes, that ASEs provide cell-specific regulatory information with evidence for cellular specificity, and that incomplete annotation of the brain transcriptome limits interpretation of risk loci for neuropsychiatric disease. This resource of regulatory data is accessible through our web server, http://braineacv2.inf.um.es/