Wearables and Internet of Things (IoT) Technologies for Fitness Assessment: A Systematic Review

Wearable and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in sports open a new era in athlete?s training, not only for performance monitoring and evaluation but also for fitness assessment. These technologies rely on sensor systems that collect, process and transmit relevant data, such as biomark ers and/or other performance indicators that are crucial to evaluate the evolution of the athlete?s condition, and therefore potentiate their performance. This work aims to identify and summarize recent studies that have used wearables and IoT technologies and discuss its applicability for fitness assessment. A systematic review of electronic databases (WOS, CCC, DIIDW, KJD, MEDLINE, RSCI, SCIELO, IEEEXplore, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Cochrane and Web of Science) was undertaken according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. From the 280 studies initially identified, 20 were fully examined in terms of hardware and software and their applicability for fitness assessment. Results have shown that wearable and IoT technologies have been used in sports not only for fitness assessment but also for monitoring the athlete?s internal and external workloads, employing physiological status monitoring and activity recognition and tracking techniques. However, the maturity level of such technologies is still low, particularly with the need for the acquisition of more?and more effective?biomarkers regarding the athlete?s internal workload, which limits its wider adoption by the sports community.4811-99FE-2ECD | Luis Paulo RodriguesN/

Cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes mortality burden of cardiometabolic risk factors from 1980 to 2010: a comparative risk assessment

Background High blood pressure, blood glucose, serum cholesterol, and BMI are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and some of these factors also increase the risk of chronic kidney disease and diabetes. We estimated mortality from cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes that was attributable to these four cardiometabolic risk factors for all countries and regions from 1980 to 2010. Methods We used data for exposure to risk factors by country, age group, and sex from pooled analyses of populationbased health surveys. We obtained relative risks for the eff ects of risk factors on cause-specifi c mortality from metaanalyses of large prospective studies. We calculated the population attributable fractions for- each risk factor alone, and for the combination of all risk factors, accounting for multicausality and for mediation of the eff ects of BMI by the other three risks. We calculated attributable deaths by multiplying the cause-specifi c population attributable fractions by the number of disease-specifi c deaths. We obtained cause-specifi c mortality from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2010 Study. We propagated the uncertainties of all the inputs to the fi nal estimates. Findings In 2010, high blood pressure was the leading risk factor for deaths due to cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes in every region, causing more than 40% of worldwide deaths from these diseases; high BMI and glucose were each responsible for about 15% of deaths, and high cholesterol for more than 10%. After accounting for multicausality, 63% (10\ub78 million deaths, 95% CI 10\ub71\u201311\ub75) of deaths from these diseases in 2010 were attributable to the combined eff ect of these four metabolic risk factors, compared with 67% (7\ub71 million deaths, 6\ub76\u20137\ub76) in 1980. The mortality burden of high BMI and glucose nearly doubled from 1980 to 2010. At the country level, age-standardised death rates from these diseases attributable to the combined eff ects of these four risk factors surpassed 925 deaths per 100 000 for men in Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Mongolia, but were less than 130 deaths per 100 000 for women and less than 200 for men in some high-income countries including Australia, Canada, France, Japan, the Netherlands, Singapore, South Korea, and Spain. Interpretation The salient features of the cardiometabolic disease and risk factor epidemic at the beginning of the 21st century are high blood pressure and an increasing eff ect of obesity and diabetes. The mortality burden of cardiometabolic risk factors has shifted from high-income to low-income and middle-income countries. Lowering cardiometabolic risks through dietary, behavioural, and pharmacological interventions should be a part of the globalresponse to non-communicable diseases

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)1.

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field

Capacita??o cr?tica e reflexiva de agentes comunit?rios de sa?de : estrat?gia para forma??o ativa de profissionais no e para o Sistema ?nico de Sa?de.

Realizado como projeto de um grupo do Programa de Educa??o pelo Trabalho para a Sa?de (PET-SA?DE) e do Programa Nacional de Reorienta??o da Forma??o Profissional em Sa?de (PRO-SA?DE), o presente relato aborda a experi?ncia de capacita??o dos agentes comunit?rios de sa?de sobre as pr?ticas de aleitamento materno e a qualidade dos dados registrados no Sistema de Informa??o da Aten??o B?sica. A capacita??o, realizada de mar?o a junho/2013 por graduandos de Nutri??o, Farm?cia e Medicina da Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, utilizou metodologia cr?tico- reflexiva, favorecendo a problematiza??o do processo de trabalho na aten??o b?sica e o entrela?amento de saberes t?cnico-cient?ficos e emp?ricos. A avalia??o do conhecimento dos agentes comunit?rios de sa?de foi obtida por formul?rio pr? e p?s-teste, contendo quest?es sobre a tem?tica. A frequ?ncia do aleitamento materno exclusivo no Sistema de Informa??o da Aten??o B?sica apresentou uma queda, ap?s a capacita??o, de 81,4% para 74,77% de julho a setembro/2012 para esse mesmo per?odo em 2013, evidenciando maior f idedignidade n o r egistro d os d ados, s upostamente superestimados. Este trabalho atendeu ?s demandas relacionadas ao contexto dos servi?os de sa?de do munic?pio e ? necessidade de reorienta??o da forma??o profissional em sa?de no e para o Sistema ?nico de Sa?de, estimulando a interprofissionalidade e a efetiva??o da integra??o ensino-servi?o- comunidade.The project was carried out as a project of a group of the Education by Work for Health Program (PET-SA?DE) and the National Program for the Reorientation of Vocational Training in Health (PRO-SA?DE). This report addresses the training experience of community health agents on breastfeeding practices and the quality of data recorded in the Basic Attention Information System. The training, conducted from March to June/2013 by students of Nutrition, Pharmacy and Medicine at the Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (Federal University of Ouro Preto), used a critical-reflexive methodology, favoring the problematization of the work process in primary care and the interweaving of technical-scientific knowledge and empirical studies. The knowledge assessment of the community health agents was obtained through pre- and post-test forms containing questions on the subject. The frequency of exclusive breastfeeding in the Basic Attention Information System dropped from 81.04% to 74.77% from July to September/2012 for the same period in 2013, showing a greater reliability in the data record, supposedly overestimated. This work met the demands related to thelocal health services and the need of reorientation of professional training in health in and for the SUS, stimulating the interprofessional education and the effectiveness of the teachingservice- community integration