4,838 research outputs found
Electoral Systems in Context: Italy
Italy stands out among advanced industrialized democracies because of its frequency of major electoral reforms. In the postwar period, Italy has experienced four major electoral systems: the proportional representation (PR) system of the First Republic (1948–1992), mixed-member majoritarian (MMM, 1993–2005), and two varieties of PR with majority bonus (2005–2015, 2015–). In addition, there have been many failed attempts at electoral reform through legislation or referendum. The frequency of electoral reform makes Italy an important case for investigating the causes and effects of electoral system change. However, the path to each change has been somewhat idiosyncratic: the major reform of 1993 came against the backdrop of revelations of massive corruption, while the 2005 reform can be understood as an attempt to engineer divided government by an incumbent coalition expecting losses in the next election. The effects of the electoral reforms have also not always been as expected
When the powerful drag their feet
We examine the timing of group decisions that are taken by weighted voting. Decision-making is in
two stages. In the second stage, players vote on a policy restriction. In the first stage, players vote to
determine the timing of the second-stage decision: “early”, before players’ types are revealed, or
“late”. Players differ in both size and voting power. We show that players with greater power tend to
prefer a late vote, whereas less powerful players tend to want to vote early. By contrast, large
players tend to prefer an early vote and small players a late vote. We present evidence from the
literatures on corporate governance, international relations, European Union governance, and oil
extraction. We examine an extension in which players choose the qualified majority threshold
besides the timing of the second-stage vote
Presidentialisation: One Term, Two Uses – Between Deductive Exercise and Grand Historical Narrative
This article focuses on the two main contributions to the contemporary academic debate about the term ‘presidentialisation’, namely the books by Samuels and Shugart and Poguntke and Webb. The aim is not to rehearse critiques that have already been made about this term or to add another to the list. Instead, the aim is to distinguish between two different ways in which the same term has been applied in the two studies. Both sets of authors are concerned with the same term, but each operationalises it in a different way. Acknowledging these differences allows us to focus on a specific aspect of Poguntke and Webb’s account that is absent from Samuels and Shugart’s, namely the construction of a grand historical narrative
May a dissipative environment be beneficial for quantum annealing?
We discuss the quantum annealing of the fully-connected ferromagnetic -spin model in a dissipative environment at low temperature. This model, in
the large limit, encodes in its ground state the solution to the Grover's
problem of searching in unsorted databases. In the framework of the quantum
circuit model, a quantum algorithm is known for this task, providing a
quadratic speed-up with respect to its best classical counterpart. This
improvement is not recovered in adiabatic quantum computation for an isolated
quantum processor. We analyze the same problem in the presence of a
low-temperature reservoir, using a Markovian quantum master equation in
Lindblad form, and we show that a thermal enhancement is achieved in the
presence of a zero temperature environment moderately coupled to the quantum
annealer.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figure, proceeding of IQIS 201
Risk Aversion, Over-Confidence and Private Information as determinants of Majority Thresholds
Erstdiagnose Krebs : pflegerischer Unterstützungsbedarf zur Verarbeitung einer onkologischen Erstdiagnose von Patientinnen und Patienten im Akutspital
Einleitung: In der Schweiz werden jährlich 38‘500 Menschen neu mit der Diagnose Krebs konfrontiert. Nach der Übermittlung einer onkologischen Erstdiagnose im Akutspital sind Pflegefachpersonen oft die erste Ansprechperson für Patientinnen und Patienten. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht daher den pflegerischen Unterstützungsbedarf zur Verarbeitung einer onkologischen Erstdiagnose von im Akutspital hospitalisierten Patientinnen und Patienten.
Methode: Mittels einer systematisierten Literaturrecherche wird in pflegerelevanten Datenbanken CINAHL, Medline, Cochrane Library und PsycINFO nach primärer Forschungsliteratur gesucht. Dabei konnten zehn Studien identifiziert werden. Die untersuchten Studien werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit vorgestellt und kritisch gewürdigt, gefolgt von einer Zusammenfassung und Diskussion der für die Fragestellung relevanten Erkenntnisse, wovon Implikationen für die Pflegepraxis abgeleitet werden.
Ergebnisse: Verschiedene Bedürfnisse von Patientinnen und Patienten mit einer onkologischen Erstdiagnose werden benannt. Diese Bedürfnisse beziehen sich auf die Pflegefachpersonen
und die Gesundheitsinstitution, die Krankheitsverarbeitung sowie das soziale Umfeld der Betroffenen.
Diskussion: Die Bedürfnisse von betroffenen Patientinnen und Patienten zeigen sich als sehr individuell, weshalb diese wenn möglich mittels Assessmentinstrumenten erfasst werden sollten, um eine bedarfsdeckende pflegerische Versorgung zu ermöglichen. Weiter zeigt sich, dass die Betreuung von Patientinnen und Patienten ein hohes Mass an Selbstreflexion der Pflegefachpersonen erfordert, um deren Bedürfnisse zu erkennen und ihnen Empathie, Vertrauen und Verständnis entgegenzubringen
Condiciones de detención y enfermedad : la salud en la cárcel
Fil: Passarelli, Luis Alberto. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Hospital de Clínicas. Departamento de medicina interna. Clínica Médica; Argentina.¿Qué pasa cuando en la prisión la alimentación es insuficiente, la salud precaria, la educación limitada o\nhay falta de un trabajo y/o actividad para los detenidos y, por otro lado, la infraestructura edilicia es\ninadecuada, provocando que sean insuficientes las camas, los sanitarios o las duchas, además de\npromover en muchas ocasiones las interacciones violentas? Si el Estado no puede garantizar la salud y la\nvida de sus recluidos, de nada sirven las políticas preventivas del delito ni menos aún las que persiguen la\nreinserción social de ellos
- …
