110 research outputs found
An Empirical Analysis of Racial Categories in the Algorithmic Fairness Literature
Recent work in algorithmic fairness has highlighted the challenge of defining
racial categories for the purposes of anti-discrimination. These challenges are
not new but have previously fallen to the state, which enacts race through
government statistics, policies, and evidentiary standards in
anti-discrimination law. Drawing on the history of state race-making, we
examine how longstanding questions about the nature of race and discrimination
appear within the algorithmic fairness literature. Through a content analysis
of 60 papers published at FAccT between 2018 and 2020, we analyze how race is
conceptualized and formalized in algorithmic fairness frameworks. We note that
differing notions of race are adopted inconsistently, at times even within a
single analysis. We also explore the institutional influences and values
associated with these choices. While we find that categories used in
algorithmic fairness work often echo legal frameworks, we demonstrate that
values from academic computer science play an equally important role in the
construction of racial categories. Finally, we examine the reasoning behind
different operationalizations of race, finding that few papers explicitly
describe their choices and even fewer justify them. We argue that the
construction of racial categories is a value-laden process with significant
social and political consequences for the project of algorithmic fairness. The
widespread lack of justification around the operationalization of race reflects
institutional norms that allow these political decisions to remain obscured
within the backstage of knowledge production.Comment: 13 pages, 2 figures, FAccT '2
Recommended from our members
Our knowledge of knowledge infrastructures: Lessons learned and future directions
The Knowledge Infrastructures Workshop conducted at UCLA in February 2020, and funded by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, revisited the goals and findings of the 2012 workshop held at the University of Michigan. Thirty scholars, from a diverse array of disciplines and backgrounds, charted a course for the next decade of KI research. Such infrastructures are increasingly fragile, and often brittle, in the face of open data and open source, the demise of gatekeepers, and shifting public and private boundaries that redistribute power. Participants identified new methods and new opportunities for studying KI. Among the many scholarly products they proposed are publications, grant proposals, conference sessions, and workshops on the role of libraries in data services, the death and afterlives of KI, misinformation and disinformation in KI, KI in the Anthropocene, âN simplish rulesâ to grow and sustain KI, university capacities for KI, designing sustainable KI, and inclusion of underrepresented groups in the design of KI. The report, position papers, and other materials will be maintained at the KI workshop site, http://knowledgeinfrastructures.org
Getting ourselves together:Data-centered participatory design research & epistemic burden
Jupyter notebooks as discovery mechanisms for open science: Citation practices in the astronomy community
Citing data and software is a means to give scholarly credit and to
facilitate access to research objects. Citation principles encourage authors to
provide full descriptions of objects, with stable links, in their papers. As
Jupyter notebooks aggregate data, software, and other objects, they may
facilitate or hinder citation, credit, and access to data and software. We
report on a study of references to Jupyter notebooks in astronomy over a 5-year
period (2014-2018). References increased rapidly, but fewer than half of the
references led to Jupyter notebooks that could be located and opened. Jupyter
notebooks appear better suited to supporting the research process than to
providing access to research objects. We recommend that authors cite individual
data and software objects, and that they stabilize any notebooks cited in
publications. Publishers should increase the number of citations allowed in
papers and employ descriptive metadata-rich citation styles that facilitate
credit and discovery
Characterization Of Boron Doped Nanocrystalline Diamonds
Nanostructured diamond doped with boron was prepared using a hot-filament assisted chemical vapour deposition system fed with an ethyl alcohol, hydrogen and argon mixture. The reduction of the diamond grains to the nanoscale was produced by secondary nucleation and defects induced by argon and boron atoms via surface reactions during chemical vapour deposition. Raman measurements show that the samples are nanodiamonds embedded in a matrix of graphite and disordered carbon grains, while morphological investigations using field electron scanning microscopy show that the size of the grains ranges from 20 to 100 nm. The lowest threshold fields achieved were in the 1.6 to 2.4 V/Όm range. © 2008 IOP Publishing Ltd.100PART 5Himpsel, F.J., Knapp, J.A., VanVechten, J.A., Eastman, P.E., (1979) Phys. Rev., 20 B, p. 624Bandis, B., Pate, B.B., (1996) Appl. Phys Lett., 69, p. 366Mammana, V.P., Santos, T.E.A., Mammana, A., Baranauskas, V., Ceragioli, H.J., Peterlevitz, A.C., (2002) Appl. Phys. Lett., 81, p. 3470Baranauskas, V., Fontana, M., Ceragioli, H.J., Peterlevitz, A.C., (2004) Nanotech., 15 (10), pp. S678Shroder, R.E., Nemanich, R.J., Glass, J.T., (1990) Phys. Rev., 41 B, p. 3738Ferrari, A.C., Robertson, J., (2001) Phys. Rev., 63 B. , 121405(R)Jiang, X., Frederick, C.K.Au., Lee, S.T., (2002) J. Appl. Phys., 92 (5), p. 2880Lee, Y.C., Lin, S.J., Lin, I.N., Cheng, H.F., (2005) J. Appl. Phys., 97, p. 05431
Synthesis And Characterization Of Boron-doped Carbon Nanotubes
Boron-doped carbon nanotubes have been prepared by chemical vapour deposition of ethyl alcohol doped with B2O3 using a hot-filament system. Multi-wall carbon nanotubes of diameters in the range of 30 - 100 nm have been observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Raman measurements indicated that the degree of C-C sp2 order decreased with boron doping. Lowest threshold fields achieved were 1.0 V/ÎŒm and 2.1 V/ÎŒm for undoped and boron-doped samples, respectively. © 2008 IOP Publishing Ltd.100PART 5Bonard, J.M., Kind, H., Stöckli, T., Nilsson, L.O., (2001) Sol. State Electron., 45, p. 893Maultzsch, J., Reich, S., Thomsen, C., Webster, S., Czerw, R., Carroll, D.L., Vieira, S.M.C., Rego, C.A., (2002) Appl.Phys.Lett., 81, p. 2647Mondal, K.C., Coville, N.J., Witcomb, M.J., Tejral, G., Havel, J., (2007) Chem. Phys. Lett., , in pressChen, C.F.C., Tsai, C.L., Lin, C.L., (2003) Diam. Rel. Mater., 12, p. 1500Sharma, R.B., Late Joag, D.S., Govindaraj Rao, C.N.R., (2006) Chem.Phys.Lett, 428, p. 102Mennella, V., Monaco, G., Colanoeli, L., Bussoletti, E., (1995) Carbon, 33 (2), p. 11
Police Officer-Involved Homicide Database Project
Our project explores un- and under-reported incidents of law enforcement-involved homicides, both justified and unjustified, through an analysis of extant federal and local databases with information pertaining to police officer-involved homicides, combined with mining and analysis of social media data and participatory action research methods to fill gaps in existing government and local databases. The social media information can be used in concert with other publicly available government databases to create a clearer picture of the lived realities of communities encountering police homicides in the United States. We have chosen Los Angeles County as the first community to study.ye
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