School organizational culture: The peak of research in the context of neoliberal policies

Inscrita numa matriz teórica multirreferencial, a problemática da cultura organizacional tem sido objecto de múltiplos desenvolvimentos conceptuais e diversificadas apropriações políticas e ideológicas. No campo da educação e no contexto mais específico das organizações escolares, as abordagens culturais e simbólicas sofreram algumas inflexões teóricas apenas compreensíveis quando contextualizadas no quadro mais global das políticas internacionais de cariz neoliberal e neoconservador. Neste trabalho, procura-se reflectir criticamente sobre a forma como a problemática da cultura organizacional em contexto escolar passa a ser (re)perspectivada numa altura em que se expandem alguns objectivos e valores políticos associados às ideologias da modernização e da racionalização. Num segundo momento, tomando como ponto de partida a análise de um vasto número de investigações integradas em quatro bases de dados electrónicas de âmbito internacional, debatemos as principais tendências teóricas, conceptuais e metodológicas deste campo de estudo, fazendo sobressair o lugar e o estatuto da escola enquanto contexto privilegiado de investigação, designadamente nos domínios crítico-reflexivos.Within a multi-referential theoretical framework, the issue of organizational culture has been a subject for multiple conceptual developments and different ideological and political appropriations. In the field of education and in the specific context of school organizations, the cultural and symbolic approaches were subjected to some theoretical inflections. These can only be understood in the global framework of international policies of neoliberal and neoconservative nature. First, this paper critically discusses how the issue of organizational culture in school context was put in perspectives at a time when some political-ideological objectives and values were associated to modernization and rationalization ideologies. Based on the analysis of a great number of researches included in four electronic databases with an international scope, it then discusses the main theoretical, conceptual and methodological trends of this field of study, stressing the place and statute of school as a privileged research context, namely in the reflexive and critical domain.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Nitrification d'un effluent minier sur lit de calcaire

Microbiologie de la nitrification -- dénitrification -- Revue des procédés de nitrification -- dénitrification par domaine d'application -- Traitement de l'eau potable -- Traitement des eaux usées -- Traitement de l'eau souterraine -- Traitement de l'eau minière -- Évaluation économique préliminaire de nitrification -- dénitrification pour deux mines -- Estimation du potentiel de réduction du coût d'opération avec l'utilisation de substrats alternatifs au bicarbonate de soude et au méthanol -- Estimation du potentiel de réduction des coûts en capital pour des procédés alternatifs au lit fixe -- Solution d'alimentation et amendement -- Montage expérimental -- Caractérisation du matériau immobilisant -- Démarrage et enlèvement de l'excès de biomasse -- Description des tests -- Description de méthodes d'analyse -- Comparaison entre le calcaire et le sable comme milieu immobilisant pour la nitrification -- Dissolution du lit calcaire -- Optimisation des conditions d'opérations -- Comparaison de la performance des lits de calcaire et de sable -- Paramètres de conception et d'opération -- Sursaturation en CO2 de l'eau testée -- Évaluation des dimensions d'un réacteur à pleine échelle pour la mine Holloway

Communication entre intervenants oeuvrant auprès de l’enfant d’âge préscolaire et les familles immigrantes : étude de la portée

La communication entre les intervenants oeuvrant auprès des enfants d’âge préscolaire et les familles immigrantes ayant un enfant avec un trouble de développement pose des défis particuliers. Afin de favoriser le déploiement du plein potentiel de l’enfant, une compréhension mutuelle s’impose. Cette étude de la portée aborde les facilitateurs et les contraintes communicationnelles vécues dans un contexte interculturel et interlinguistique, ainsi que les outils, stratégies ou approches utilisés pour faciliter les échanges. Six bases de données ont été consultées et au terme d’une démarche de sélection interjuges, trente-cinq articles scientifiques ont été retenus. Les principaux obstacles et facilitateurs influençant la communication ont été dégagés. Toutefois, peu de stratégies concrètes, destinées aux intervenants et permettant de soutenir les échanges, ont pu être recensées.Communication between early childhood practitioners and immigrant families who have a child with a developmental disorder creates particular challenges. In order to promote the child's full potential, mutual understanding is required. This scoping review addresses the facilitators and communicative constraints experienced in intercultural and inter-linguistic context, as well as tools, strategies and approaches used to facilitate information sharing. These aspects were searched in six databases. Two independent judges reviewed abstracts and articles. Thirty-five articles were included. The main barriers and facilitators influencing communication were acknowledged. Few concrete strategies to support exchanges between early childhood practitioners and immigrant families could, however, be identified

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field