1,153 research outputs found

    Effets d’une supplĂ©mentation en iode et sĂ©lĂ©nium de la vache gestante sur les statuts en oligo-Ă©lĂ©ments et immunitaire du veau nouveau-nĂ©

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    Le sĂ©lĂ©nium est un anti-oxydant qui intervient dans la constitution des sĂ©lĂ©noenzymes (glutathion peroxydases, GSH-Px) et qui contrĂŽle l’activation des neutrophiles, macrophages et des lymphocytes B. En synergie avec les iodures, il participe Ă©galement Ă  la rĂ©gulation de la fonction thyroĂŻdienne. Etant donnĂ© l’efficacitĂ© du transfert transplacentaire de ces 2 oligo-Ă©lĂ©ments, l’objectif de cette Ă©tude Ă©tait d’évaluer le bĂ©nĂ©fice d’une supplĂ©mentation en iode et sĂ©lĂ©nium pendant la pĂ©riode du prĂ©partum chez les veaux nouveau-nĂ©s. Au total, 12 vaches gestantes issues d’un Ă©levage allaitant de la Haute-Vienne ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©parties en 2 lots : un lot tĂ©moin de 5 vaches (lot A) et un lot de 7 vaches (lot B) supplĂ©mentĂ©es par voie orale par du sĂ©lĂ©nite de sodium (400 mg) et de l’iodure de calcium (1 200 mg) 20 Ă  35 jours avant la date prĂ©vue du part. Les activitĂ©s de la GSH-Px Ă©rythrocytaire (GSH-Pxe) et les concentrations plasmatiques en iode inorganique et en T4 totales ont Ă©tĂ© mesurĂ©es avant le traitement (J0) et le jour du vĂȘlage chez les femelles gestantes ainsi que chez les veaux Ă  la naissance et 24 h-36 h aprĂšs. Chez ces derniers, la protĂ©inĂ©mie et les concentrations plasmatiques en IgG ont aussi Ă©tĂ© dĂ©terminĂ©es. MalgrĂ© une situation de double carence en sĂ©lĂ©nium et en iode caractĂ©risĂ©e par des activitĂ©s GSH-Pxe et des concentrations plasmatiques en iode inorganique faibles conduisant Ă  une hypothyroĂŻdie sub-clinique chez 8 femelles gestantes, la supplĂ©mentation a permis d’amĂ©liorer le statut sĂ©lĂ©nique et de maintenir la fonction thyroĂŻdienne au vĂȘlage chez les mĂšres. Chez les veaux, bien qu’aucune diffĂ©rence significative n’ait pu ĂȘtre obtenue entre les 2 lots, les activitĂ©s de GSH-Px Ă  la naissance et 24 h-36 h aprĂšs ainsi que le statut immunitaire des veaux de 1 jour (reflĂ©tĂ© par la protĂ©inĂ©mie et la concentration plasmatique en IgG) ont Ă©tĂ© positivement corrĂ©lĂ©es avec le statut sĂ©lĂ©nique des mĂšres au vĂȘlage. Ces rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent que l’administration de sĂ©lĂ©nium et d’iode en prĂ©partum chez la vache allaitante peut augmenter les dĂ©fenses immunitaires des veaux en amĂ©liorant le statut sĂ©lĂ©nique maternel

    Occupational exposure to cobalt : a population toxicokinetic modeling approach validated by field results challenges the Biological Exposure Index for urinary cobalt

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    International audienceThis study modeled the urinary toxicokinetics of cobalt exposure based on 507 urine samples from 16 workers, followed up for 1 week, and 108 related atmospheric cobalt measurements to determine an optimal urinary cobalt sampling strategy at work and a corresponding urinary exposure threshold (UET). These data have been used to calibrate a population toxicokinetic model, taking into account both the measurement uncertainty and intra- and interindividual variability. Using the calibrated model, urinary sampling sensitivity and specificity performance in detecting exposure above the 20 micro g/m3 threshold limit value - time-weighted average (TLV-TWA) has been applied to identify an optimal urine sampling time. The UET value is obtained by minimizing misclassification rates in workplace exposures below or above the TLV. Total atmospheric cobalt concentrations are in the 5-144 micro g/m3 range, and total urinary cobalt concentrations are 0.5-88 micro g/g creatinine. A two-compartment toxicokinetic model best described urinary elimination. Terminal elimination half-time from the central compartment is 10.0 hr (95% confidence interval [8.3-12.3]). The optimal urinary sampling time has been identified as 3 hr before the end of shift at the end of workweek. If we assume that misclassification errors are of equal cost, the UET associated with the TLV of 20 micro g/m3 is 5 micro g/L, which is lower than the ACGIH-recommended biological exposure index of 15 micro g/L

    Les Publics de l'information

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    International audienceRevue française des sciences de l'information et de la communication 5 | 2014 : État des recherches en SIC sur l'information mĂ©diatique Dossier 2-Des recherches en prise avec des objets en mutation Les publics de l'information AURÉLIE AUBERT ET PASCAL FROISSART RĂ©sumĂ©s Français English « Qui consomme quelle information et comment ? » est la question canonique que nous voudrions poser ici, interrogation qui aurait pu ĂȘtre lancĂ©e dĂšs l'arrivĂ©e des mĂ©dias de masse mais qui a dĂ» attendre la deuxiĂšme moitiĂ© du XX e siĂšcle pour susciter des recherches vĂ©ritables. DĂšs lors, on a su que la consommation des informations est une pratique culturelle comme une autre (les dĂ©terminations sociologiques sont donc fortes, telles le statut social, l'Ăąge, le lieu d'habitation
), liĂ©e aux autres (les consommateurs de nouvelles sont aussi des visiteurs de musĂ©e ou de cinĂ©ma), et en perpĂ©tuelle mutation, tant technique (le papier, les rĂ©cepteurs radio, les postes de tĂ©lĂ©vision, les ordinateurs, les ordinateurs mobiles, sans que les uns ne remplacent les autres) que conceptuelle (l'information se redĂ©finit au cours du temps, et l'on n'y a pas toujours inclus le « people », le fait-divers ou la parodie, tout comme on ne s'est pas toujours intĂ©ressĂ© Ă  la construction du sens par les consommateurs finaux). Cet article a pour objectif de situer les orientations mĂ©thodologiques et thĂ©oriques qui se sont succĂ©dĂ©es, et parfois chevauchĂ©es, dans l'analyse des rĂ©actions des publics aux informations d'actualitĂ© en se situant prĂ©cisĂ©ment par rapport Ă  une dĂ©finition que la recherche en SIC a aussi fait Ă©voluer. "Who follows which information and how?" is the canonical question we would like to ask here. The interrogation could have been raised long time ago, with the arrival of mass media, but had to wait until the second half of the twentieth century to find its legitimacy. Since then, it's established that the consumption of information is just like another cultural practice (i.e. sociological determinations are strong, such social status, age, place of residence
), bound to other ones (consumers of news are also visitors of museum or cinema), and in constant transformation, both technical (paper, radios, televisions, computers, mobile computers, with no one replacing another) and conceptual (information is redefined over time, and not always included infotainment, trivial or local news, nor parodies-just as it was not always interested in the process of meaning by final consumers). The paper addresses methodological and theoretical issues, which used to follow one another and sometimes overlapped, about the reactions of the public to the news, and about the news as a questionable concept itself

    Characterization of Ba2In2-xSnxO5+x/2 oxide ion conductors

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    International audienceThe Ba2In2-xSnxO5+x/2 solid solution was confirmed up to x = 1 by solid state reaction. X-ray diffraction at room and at elevated temperatures, Raman scattering and impedance spectroscopy were used to characterise the samples. Structure refinement of composition x = 0.1 from neutron diffraction data reveals that tin is preferentially located in the tetrahedral layers of the brownmillerite

    Mechanism of metal dusting corrosion by pitting of a chromia-forming alloy at atmospheric pressure and low gas velocity

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    FeNiCr samples (800HT) were exposed at 570 °C, 1 bar to a 47.25CO-47.25H2-5.5H2O atmosphere (ac = 33) flowing at 18 Όm/s. Pitting corrosion was observed. Pits showed a flattened morphology and a constant pit diameter growth rate. Corrosion rings appeared successively at the surface during pit growth. A four-step mechanism is proposed which includes internal oxidation of carbides, graphitisation and localised enhanced graphitisation. Gas velocity and thermal cycling play key roles in pit morphology. Thermal cycling induces circular cracks. Low gas velocity induces the gas to evolve in crevices, due to local oxygen consumption

    Oxygen diffusion mechanisms in two series of oxide ion conductors: BIMEVOX and Brownmillerite materials

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    oral invitéInternational audienceThey are two ways to optimize the electrical properties of a material, 1) tailor its microstructure, 2) tailor its structure by partial substitution. The BIMEVOX family, which was evidenced in the end of the eighties by members of our group, was obtained by partial substitution for vanadium in the parent compound Bi4V2O11 with a metal. This led to the stabilization of the highly conductive gamma Bi4V2O11 form at room temperature. BIMEVOX exhibit the best oxide ion conduction at moderate temperature, 400-700°C. However, because of the sensitivity of bismuth toward reduction, they could not be directly used in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. We attempted to develop them as electrolyte for the electrically driven separation of oxygen from air and as membrane for the oxidation of hydrocarbons. Their high oxide conduction is due to their layered structure. Another family of oxide ion conductors with a bidimensionnal structure is the Brownmillerite. In 1990, Goodenough evidenced high oxide conduction in the Ba2In2O5 Brownmillerite above 925°C. In order to stabilize these high properties at lower temperature, numerous partial substitutions were performed on either the Ba or the In site. Our group considered the partial substitution for Indium with cation with valence higher than 3, such as Sn, V, Ta, Nb, Mo and W. Solid solutions were obtained for all the dopants. High temperature neutron diffraction was performed on the two family of oxide ion conductors. Because of the high oxide ion disorder, anharmonic thermal parameters were used to take into account all the nuclear density. Preferential oxygen pathways were derived, energy barriers were calculated and compared to the experimental values obtained from impedance spectroscopy. In a second step, their microstructure were optimized to obtain the dense ceramic needed for the applications. This was easily achieved for BIMEVOX but not for Brownmillerite which hydrate around 200-400°C and exhibit proton conduction in this domain of temperature

    Electroplated Ni mask for plasma etching of submicron-sized features in LiNbO3

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    International audienceWe here report on the fabrication of electroplated nickel (Ni) masks for dry etching of sub-micron patterns in lithium niobate (LiNbO3). This process allows obtaining 350-nm thick Ni masks defining high air filling fraction holey arrays (e.g. openings of 1800 nm in diameter with inter-hole spacing of 300 nm, or 330 nm diameter holes spaced by 440 nm). The mask profile is perfectly vertical (angle ≈ 90°). The obtained metallic masks are used to realise photonic and phononic crystals. High aspect ratio and dense arrays of holey patterns were defined and transferred into LiNbO3 through RIE (Reactive Ionic Etching) in sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) chemistry. Nanometric holes exhibiting sidewall slope angles of the order of 60° have in this way been etched in LiNbO3. The LiNbO3/Ni selectivity is close to 6 and the etch rate around 6 nm/min

    Caractérisation du transport de l'oxygÚne dans des électrolytes céramiques de l'échelle atomique à l'échelle macroscopique

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    oral invitĂ©National audienceDes outils tels que la spectroscopie d'absorption X (EXAFS/XANES), la diffraction des neutrons, la spectromĂ©trie d'impĂ©dance, l'Ă©change isotopique, la mesure de flux de semi-permĂ©abilitĂ© permettent de sonder le transport de l'oxygĂšne sur diffĂ©rentes Ă©chelles. Ces techniques ont Ă©tĂ© appliquĂ©es Ă  deux familles de conducteurs par ions oxyde, les BIMEVOX, composĂ©s dĂ©rivĂ©s de Bi4V2O11, et les phases dĂ©rivĂ©es de la Brownmillerite Ba2In2O5. Les deux familles de composĂ©s prĂ©sentent des structures cristallines bi-dimensionnelles. Leurs formes « haute tempĂ©rature », conductrices par ions oxyde, sont facilement stabilisĂ©es Ă  plus basse tempĂ©rature par substitution partielle du vanadium ou de l'indium. La diffraction des neutrons Ă  haute tempĂ©rature a permis de dĂ©duire des chemins prĂ©fĂ©rentiels pour la diffusion des ions oxyde dans la structure. Les valeurs des barriĂšres Ă©nergĂ©tiques Ă  la diffusion, dĂ©duites des cartes de densitĂ© de probabilitĂ© de prĂ©sence des nuclĂ©ons, ont Ă©tĂ© comparĂ©es aux valeurs des Ă©nergies d'activation mesurĂ©es par spectroscopie d'impĂ©dance. Cependant, les phĂ©nomĂšnes de transport de l'oxygĂšne sont plus complexes. Les applications comme Ă©lectrolyte nĂ©cessitent des cĂ©ramiques denses. Si les BIMEVOX sont faciles Ă  densifier, les phases de type Brownmillerite le sont moins. Par ailleurs, comme le montre l'Ă©change isotopique et les mesures de flux de semi-permĂ©abilitĂ©, un autre paramĂštre doit ĂȘtre pris en compte dans le transport de l'oxygĂšne, le transfert en surface de l'oxygĂšne molĂ©culaire

    A neutron diffraction study of the oxygen diffusion in molybdenum doped Ba2InO5

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    International audienceThe structures of molybdenum doped Ba2In2O5 were refined using X-ray and neutron diffraction data at room and high temperature with the aim to derive preferred oxygen diffusion pathways. At room temperature, refinement of composition Ba2In2-xMoxO5+3x/2 with x=0.1 revealed molybdenum atoms are preferentially located in the tetrahedral layers of the brownmillerite. At 700°C, the structure can be viewed as the stacking of alternating In and In/Mo octahedral layers. The conduction process occurs preferentially in the later which is highly oxygen deficient. Preferred oxygen diffusion pathways were deduced from Joint Probability Density Function (JPDF) and energy barriers were derived. It was in good agreement with the activation energy deduced from impedance spectroscopy for composition x=0.1 at 950°C. However, calculation of energy barrier assumes a dynamic disorder of oxide ions which is unlikely to occur at lower temperature and for sample containing a larger amount of molybdenum. Composition x=0.5 is cubic on the whole range of temperature. At room temperature, JPDF revealed a static disorder of the oxygen atoms, which is likely due to the solution of molybdenum into the barium indium perovskite. When temperature increases the disorder becomes more and more dynamic
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