Marcellus of Ancyra and the Arian controversy: a bishop in context

The 1980s saw an explosion of scholarly work 011 the 'Arian controversy', which sought to rethink the categories of the controversy ab initio. Building on this, a number of figures connected with the controversy came in for individual study in the 1990s, including the bishop Marcellus of Ancyra, who was the subject of a number of books and articles in that decade, nearly all of which concentrated on his theology and touched his place in the historical events of the wider controversy only tangentially. This thesis attempts to situate Marcellus in relation to the major ecclesiastical events of the controversy between 314 and 345, arguing that attention to his role gives a better picture of how the 'anti-Arian' party in particular understood itself during these years. Marcellus' skills as administrator and canonist, displayed in the 314 Synod of Ancyra, over which he presided, form the background to the portrait of him that emerges. His roles before and during the synod of Nicaea, before, during and after the synods of Tyre and Jerusalem, in Rome for fifteen months during the years 339-341, and at the synod of Sardica are examined, and furnish a number of new suggestions for ways to understand these events. The synod of Ancyra which was moved by Constantine to Nicaea, it is suggested, was not originally called by the emperor, but by Alexander and his allies, with the express purpose of condemning Eusebius of Nicomedia and his allies, with Marcellus as the intended president. Gerhard Feige's view that Marcellus was doubtless, like Eustathius of Antioch, unhappy with the actual synod of Nicaea, and contrary to popular assumption had little to do with the writing of the creed (which he did not even personally sign), is endorsed, although Marcellus' greater involvement in the writing of the canons is suggested. The synod of Tyre is shown by careful examination of the various accounts of it, particularly that of Eusebius of Caesarea, to have been a travesty, a view which builds on Girardet's analysis of its views of its own authority in relation to the canonical traditions of the time. Marcellus' role in the creation of the myth of 'Arianism' is examined, a myth which is shown to have taken its characteristic form in Rome during the period he and Athanasius spent there together. Marcellus is argued to be the author of the 'Western Creed of Sardica', as Klaus Seibt suggested, which was provisionally accepted by Ossius and Protogenes and the groups they headed as the faith of the synod, but referred in the face of Athanasius' opposition to Julius of Rome, who vetoed it in favour of privileging the 'ecumenical' creed of Nicaea. Marcellus' silence after Sardica is ascribed to his refusal to desert his former pupil Photinus, while recognising that he was generally considered theologically intolerable even by Marcellus' own allies. Works after that synod which are sometimes ascribed to Marcellus are therefore to be ascribed either to his school, to the continuing Eustathians at Antioch, or to some other group. The Canons of Ancyra 314, the Contra Asterinm (not appropriately named Opus ad Constantinum Imperatorem, since it was not originally written for the emperor), the Letter to Julius and De Sancta Ecclesia, as well as the Western Creed of Sardica, are argued on the other hand to be either wholly or mainly by Marcellus. Following the line taken by Martin Tetz and Joseph Lienhard, Marcellus is argued never to have been dropped by his former allies as such, merely himself to have withdrawn from communion with them on account of his loyalty to Photinus; the creed of Eugenius the Deacon was a formula which allowed those in communion with Marcellus to repudiate Photinus without Marcellus himself having to do so

Modified POF Sensor for Gaseous Hydrogen Fluoride Monitoring in the Presence of Ionizing Radiations

This paper describes the development of a sensor designed to detect low concentrations of hydrogen fluoride (HF) in gas mixtures. The sensor employs a plastic optical fiber (POF) covered with a thin layer of glass- like material. HF attacks the glass and alters the fiber transmission capability so that the detection simply requires a LED and a photodiode. The coated POF is obtained by means of low-pressure plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition that allows the glass-like film to be deposited at low temperature without damaging the fiber core. The developed sensor will be installed in the recirculation gas system of the resistive plate chamber muon detector of the Compact Muon Solenoid experiment at the Large Hadron Collider accelerator of the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN

Properties of potential eco-friendly gas replacements for particle detectors in high-energy physics

Modern gas detectors for detection of particles require F-based gases for optimal performance. Recent regulations demand the use of environmentally unfriendly F-based gases to be limited or banned. This review studies properties of potential eco-friendly gas candidate replacements.Comment: 38 pages, 9 figures, 8 tables. To be submitted to Journal of Instrumentatio

Properties of potential eco-friendly gas replacements for particle detectors in high-energy physics

Gas detectors for elementary particles require F-based gases for optimal performance. Recent regulations demand the use of environmentally unfriendly F-based gases to be limited or banned. This work studies properties of potential eco-friendly gas replacements by computing the physical and chemical parameters relevant for use as detector media, and suggests candidates to be considered for experimental investigation

Candidate eco-friendly gas mixtures for MPGDs

Modern gas detectors for detection of particles require F-based gases for optimal performance.Recent regulations demand the use of environmentally unfriendly F-based gases t o be limited or banned. This review studies properties of potential eco-friendly gas candidate replacements

Potential tumour doubling time: determination of Tpot for various canine and feline tumours

Spontaneous tumours in dogs and cats are an excellent model for clinical human research, such as in developing proton conformation radiotherapy for humans. The kinetics of tumour cells can be used effectively to predict prognosis and response to therapy in patients with tumours. Knowledge of the kinetic parameters in these tumours is therefore important. In the present study the kinetic parameters evaluated included the labelling index (LI), relative movement (RM), mitotic index (MI), and potential doubling time (Tpot). These parameters were determined using in vivo labelling with bromodeoxyuridine, flow cytometry and histological preparation. Samples were obtained and evaluated from 72 dogs and 20 cats, presenting as patients in our clinic. Within the groups of epithelial and mesenchymal tumours from dogs and cats, the kinetic parameters LI, RM and MI were compared with Tpot. Significant correlations were observed for the comparison Tpot and LI. No correlation was found between Tpot and R

Characterization of the water diffusion in GEM foil material

Systematic studies on the GEM foil material are performed to measure the moisture diffusion rate and saturation level.These studies are important because the presence of this compound inside the detector’s foil can possibly change its mechanical and electrical properties,and in such a way,the detector performance can be affected.To understand this phenomenon,a model is developed with COMSOL Multiphysicsv.4.3 which described the adsorption and diffusion within the geometry of GEM foil,the concentration profiles and the time required to saturate the foil.The COMSOL model is verified by experimental observations on a GEM foil sample.This note will describe the model and its experimental verification results

Quantum phase transition to unconventional multi-orbital superfluidity in optical lattices

Orbital physics plays a significant role for a vast number of important phenomena in complex condensed matter systems such as high-T$_c$ superconductivity and unconventional magnetism. In contrast, phenomena in superfluids -- especially in ultracold quantum gases -- are commonly well described by the lowest orbital and a real order parameter. Here, we report on the observation of a novel multi-orbital superfluid phase with a {\it complex} order parameter in binary spin mixtures. In this unconventional superfluid, the local phase angle of the complex order parameter is continuously twisted between neighboring lattice sites. The nature of this twisted superfluid quantum phase is an interaction-induced admixture of the p-orbital favored by the graphene-like band structure of the hexagonal optical lattice used in the experiment. We observe a second-order quantum phase transition between the normal superfluid (NSF) and the twisted superfluid phase (TSF) which is accompanied by a symmetry breaking in momentum space. The experimental results are consistent with calculated phase diagrams and reveal fundamentally new aspects of orbital superfluidity in quantum gas mixtures. Our studies might bridge the gap between conventional superfluidity and complex phenomena of orbital physics.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

SiOx coated plastic fiber optic sensor for gas monitoring in RPC

This paper describes the development of a sensor designed to monitor the closed loop recirculation gas system of the Resistive Plate Counter (RPC) muon detectors which are used for the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment installed at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) accelerator of the European Center for Nuclear Research (CERN). The sensor is designed to detect low concentrations of hydrogen fluoride (HF) in the gas mixtures and employs a plastic optic fiber (POF) which is covered with a thin layer of a glass-like material. The fluoride ions attacks the glass and alters the fiber transmission capability so that the detection simply requires a LED and a photodiode. The coating is obtained by means of a low pressure plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) that allows the glass-like film to be deposited at low temperature without damaging the fiber core