Salinger and Holden: Silent Heroes of Modern Times

Among the great writers of the tumultuous decade of 1950s America, J. D. Salinger acquires a peculiar stance. His popularity rests precisely on two bases: that he was the writer of one literary bible of the young generations to come, The Catcher in the Rye, and that he was, ironically enough, resentful toward the publicity brought by this novel and few, but brilliant, short stories. This essay will focus on the mystery of Salinger’s silence and self-imposed exile by exploring his life and ideas and the various social and critical responses to his celebrated novel

Dental Health Status of Schizophrenic Patients in the Chronic Psychiatric Care Center in the Province of Chaharmahal va Bakhtiyary

Objective: Schizophrenia is a chronic disease . Schizophrenic patients are unable in personal fuction and self care such as dental health. Especially, side effects of anti– psych otic drugs cause some dental problems in the patient . Also dental problems may lead to some disease , so it is necessary to play full attention to dental health condition in schizophrenic patients. The aim of study was assessing the dental health status of schizophrenic patients confined in chronic psychiatric care center on Chaharmahal & Bakhtiyari. Materials & Methods: This survey is an analytical descriptive and cross-sectional study, 123 schizophrenic patients are assessed in 2008. The data was collected through interview, (using the Scale for the assessment of positive and negative symptom (SAPS and SANS), Decayed, Missed, Filled Teeth index (DMFT, Gingival index) and demographic questionnaire. Quantities analysis of data was undertaken by using X 2, Man vetney test and Pearson r test . Results: The mean of DMFT was 19.43±7.71. There was a significant correlation between age, smoking history and cigarettes per day, oral hygiene condition and other negative symptoms and average DMFT (P&le0.05). Also there was a significant correlation between the severity of periodentitis and sex, history of smoking, number of smoked cigarettes per day, previous hospital admission and average of negative and positive symptoms. No significant correlation between the severity of periodentitis and mean DMFT (P&le0.05) was seen. Conclusion: Results of the study demonstrated that dental health of people with schizophrenia is poor

The effect of Lavandula angustifolia in the treatment of mild to moderate depression

زمینه و هدف: برخی از گیاهان دارویی سالهاست که در طب سنتی برای درمان بسیاری از بیماری‌ها از جمله افسردگی و اضطراب به کار می‌روند. این مطالعه با هدف تعیین اثر مصرف اسطوخودوس بر افسردگی بیماران مصرف کننده سیتالوپرام انجام شده است. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه کارآزمایی بالینی 80 بیمار سرپایی مراجعه کننده به کلینیک روانپزشکی بیمارستان هاجر شهرکرد که طبق مصاحبه ساختار یافته و پرسشنامه هامیلتون معیارهای ابتلا به افسردگی اساسی را داشتند وارد مطالعه شده و به شکل تصادفی به دو گروه شاهد و مورد تقسیم شدند. در گروه شاهد، قرص سیتالوپرام 20 میلی‌گرمی همراه با 2 لیوان آب‌ و نبات به عنوان پلاسبو دو بار در روز و در گروه مورد علاوه بر20 میلی گرم سیتالوپرام، معادل 5 گرم اندام هوایی خشک شده اسطوخودوس دو بار در روز در دو نوبت صبح و شب به شکل جوشانده همراه با نبات تجویز شد. بیماران بعد از 4 و 8 هفته از آغاز مطالعه با تکمیل فرم پرسشنامه هامیلتون و فرم عوارض درمانی پیگیری شدند. داده ها به کمک آزمون های آماری student t،-t زوجی و کای دو تجزیه و تحلیل شد. یافته ها: بعد از 4 هفته میانگین افسردگی با مقیاس افسردگی هامیلتون در دو گروه شاهد و مورد به ترتیب 5/3±5/17 و 6/3±2/15 بود (05/0

Pattern mining analysis of pulmonary TB cases in Hamadan province: Using space-time cube

Background and aims: One of the most common approach to understanding spatial and temporal trends of event data is to break it up into a series of time snapshots. Therefore space-time cube method applied in order to portray the likely trend in occurrence of the pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) cases. Methods: In this study, information of all patients with pulmonary TB recorded in surveillance system of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences from 2005 to 2013 years were studied. After geocoding the residence location address of pulmonary TB cases and converted to point layer, the space-time cube was used to detect likely trends in occurrence of tuberculosis. Then, based on the space-time cube results the Emerging Hot Spot Analysis was run to clustering hot and cold spots. Results: There was significant increasing trend in occurrence of pulmonary TB cases. The statistic trend was 2.1871 and P-value was 0.0287, as well as 36 hot spots locations was detected that have been form approximately in central areas of province. Conclusion: Significantly increasing trend in occurrence of TB cases and existence of hot spot, especially intensifying hot spots in central areas of province can represent pay more attention to this disease in mentioned areas in order to detect the change in epidemiological face and to implement suitable prevention programs

The Effects of Lavandula Angustifolia Mill Infusion on Depression in Patients Using Citalopram: A comparison Study

Background: Many herbs have been used to treat psychiatric disorders including anxiety and depression in traditional medicine. Objectives: This study was carried out to determine the effect of using Lavandula angustifilia infusion on depression in patients taking Citalopram. Patients and Methods: Among all patients referred to the Hajar Hospital psychiatric clinic, Shahrekord, Iran, 80 patients who met the criteria of major depression according to the structured interviews and the Hamilton questionnaire for Depression were included in the study. They were randomly assigned into two groups of experimental treatment group and standard treatment group at this study. In standard treatment group, the patients were given Citalopram 20 mg. In experimental treatment group, the patients took 2 cups of the infusion of 5 g dried Lavandula angustifilia in addition to tablet Citalopram 20 mg twice a day. The patients were followed up for four and eight weeks of the study onset using Hamilton Scale questionnaire and treatment side effects form. Data were analyzed using student t-test, pair t-test and chi square. Results: After four weeks of the trial onset, the mean depression score according to the Hamilton Scale for Depression was 17.5 +/- 3.5 in the standard treatment group and 15.2 +/- 3.6 in the experimental treatment group (P < 0.05). After eight weeks, it was 16.8 +/- 4.6 and 14.8 +/- 4 respectively (P < 0.01). In addition, the most commonly observed adverse effects were nausea (12.8 %) and confusion (10%). In terms of side effects, there were no significant differences between two groups. Conclusions: Considering the results of this study, Lavandula angustifilia infusion has some positive therapeutic effects on depressed patients most importantly decreases mean depression score and might be used alone or as an adjunct to other anti-depressant drugs

The effects of Tranquival tablet on some heroin withdrawal symptoms

BACKGROUND: Individuals, during opioid withdrawal period, experience symptoms such as dysphoria, insomnia, anxiety, irritability, nausea, agitation, tachycardia, and hypertension which may trigger drug seeking behavior and relapse. This study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of Tranquival tablets on some heroin withdrawal symptoms in addicted patients referred to an outpatient clinic. METHODS: In this single-blind quasi-experimental study, 69 patients (37 patients in intervention group and 32 in control group) suffering from heroin withdrawal syndrome were allocated randomly to study groups. In the intervention group, 1 Tranquival tablet was administered 1 hour before sleeping each night for 6 weeks. In the control group, 1 tablet of clonazepam (1 mg) was administered at the same time. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A), and visual analogue scale (VAS) were completed at the beginning, 3 weeks later, and the end of the study. Data were analyzed using Student’s t-test, repeated measures analysis, and chi-square test. RESULTS: During the study period in both groups, withdrawal symptoms significantly decreased (P &lt; 0.001); however, this difference was insignificant between the 3 assessment steps (P &gt; 0.050). Furthermore, the Bonferroni correction showed an relationship between Tranquival and clonazepam groups in terms of mean anxiety at the begining and the end stage of assessment (P = 0.012). However, these relationships were insignificant in terms of mean sleep and muscular pain (P = 0.153 and P = 0.267, respectively). CONCLUSION: Tranquival was as effective as clonazepam in the reduction of muscular pain and anxiety, and improvement of sleep quality in patients suffering from heroin withdrawal syndrome

Spiritual well-being and associated factors with relapse in opioid addicts

Opioid dependence relapse is a complex and multidimensional problem, and lack of spiritual well-being is a major concern in opioid addicts. Aim: This study was conducted to determine spiritual well-being and factors associated with relapse among opioid addicts. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from April 2015 to September 2015. According to purposive sampling, 312 eligible addicted patients were enrolled in the study. The patients had at least an attempt of detoxification in the past six months and referred to an outpatient detoxification clinic in Shahrekord (Southwest, Iran). They completed Paloutzian and Ellison's Spiritual Well-being Scale. A researcher-developed questionnaire consisting of demographic characteristics and 20 questions about associated factors with relapse was administered. Data were analysed by version 16.0 (SPSS Inc.,Chicago, IL) using one-way ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation test, chi-square, Friedman test, and student’s t-test. Results: The most important factors associated with opioid dependence relapse consist of relation with an addict friend, unemployment, living expenses, family conflicts, and somatic pain. In the present study, 157 patients had never experienced relapse while the mean of relapse in the rest participants was (3.25±1.53) times. Furthermore, the addicted patients with relapse had significantly lower scores of spiritual well-being and its subscales compared with non-relapse patients (p<0.001). Conclusion: The findings of the present study indicate the necessity of paying attention to spiritual well-being, family and economical, personal, and occupational factors as crucial factors in opiate addiction relaps

Information Security from a Scientometric Perspective

During recent years, Information societies are continually confronted with security threats and information vulnerabilities. Literature analysis of major disciplines is one of the key tools available to policymakers of research institutions and organizations. Scientometrics is the field of study which concerns itself with measuring and analyzing scientific literature. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the research trends of information security in the Middle-East and the world from a scientometric perspective. Descriptive and analytical statistics were used in this study. The Scopus citation database was used to collect the publication data, as the largest abstract and citation database of peer-reviewed literature. Therefore, all documents related to "information security" were retrieved and analyzed. The results showed that the majority of scientific publications in the field of information security were produced in the United States of America and China. Among the Middle-Eastern countries, Iran ranked the first in terms of scientific publications in the field of information security while ranked 23th among the countries of the world. It is apparent that paying special attention to the field of information and data security in terms of international scientific collaborations, using knowledge and experiences of the leading, and supporting research and development in this field can improve the quality and quantity of scientific publications in this field. The expertise gathered during the process will prove invaluable and effective in confronting the security threats and vulnerabilities posed to information societies

Health technology assessment of Bevacizumab compare with combination of Bevacizumab with Erlotinib for treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer

Introduction: Effective and efficient treatment for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer that can increase survival rate with limited side effects, is important. The purpose of this study was health technology assessment of Bevacizumab compare with combination of Bevacizumab with Erlotinib for treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Methods and Results:In the present investigation first a systematic review on finding the studies was conducted. To reach this goal a comprehensive search in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, CRD, American Society of Clinical Oncology and European Society for Medical Oncology databases using the PICO based keywords was performed. Then, a retrieved study by means of two independent and expert reviewer during several steps (based on title, abstract and full-text, excluding of duplicated or unrelated cases) was chosen and non-qualified studies was exiled from the study. After that, 20 chosen randomized trial studies were evaluated by two experienced evaluators by Cochrane tool in terms of types of Bias. Eventually obtained data from the investigation was meta-analyzed by Revman5.3 software and safety, effectiveness and economical evaluation of the device were studied based on this data. To calculate the expenses of Bevacizumab and Erlotinib, Cost-effectiveness Analysis with the perspective of the service provider in the public sector was performed. In total, three randomized controlled trials with 682 patients met the inclusion criteria.&nbsp; The combination of Bevacizumab with Erlotinib for maintenance therapy of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer improved progression free survival by 0.19 and overall survival by 0.22. Degree three and four side effects of developed during treatment were limited and manageable. The combination of the two drugs was cost effective from the perspective of the service provider. Conclusions:Based on current evidence, prescribing the combination of Bevacizumab and Erlotinib in the maintenance treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer patients is cost effective from the perspective of service provider in the public sector, and the use of this combination in the health system is economically viable