Interdependence between transportation system and power distribution system: a comprehensive review on models and applications

The rapidly increasing penetration of electric vehicles in modern metropolises has been witnessed during the past decade, inspired by financial subsidies as well as public awareness of climate change and environment protection. Integrating charging facilities, especially high-power chargers in fast charging stations, into power distribution systems remarkably alters the traditional load flow pattern, and thus imposes great challenges on the operation of distribution network in which controllable resources are rare. On the other hand, provided with appropriate incentives, the energy storage capability of electric vehicle offers a unique opportunity to facilitate the integration of distributed wind and solar power generation into power distribution system. The above trends call for thorough investigation and research on the interdependence between transportation system and power distribution system. This paper conducts a comprehensive survey on this line of research. The basic models of transportation system and power distribution system are introduced, especially the user equilibrium model, which describes the vehicular flow on each road segment and is not familiar to the readers in power system community. The modelling of interdependence across the two systems is highlighted. Taking into account such interdependence, applications ranging from long-term planning to short-term operation are reviewed with emphasis on comparing the description of traffic-power interdependence. Finally, an outlook of prospective directions and key technologies in future research is summarized.fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed

Hybrid Control Network Intrusion Detection Systems for Automated Power Distribution Systems

In this paper, we describe our novel use of network intrusion detection systems (NIDS) for protecting automated distribution systems (ADS) against certain types of cyber attacks in a new way. The novelty consists of using the hybrid control environment rules and model as the baseline for what is normal and what is an anomaly, tailoring the security policies to the physical operation of the system. NIDS sensors in our architecture continuously analyze traffic in the communication medium that comes from embedded controllers, checking if the data and commands exchanged conform to the expected structure of the controllers interactions, and evolution of the system's physical state. Considering its importance in future ADSs, we chose the fault location, isolation and service restoration (FLISR) process as our distribution automation case study for the NIDS deployment. To test our scheme, we emulated the FLISR process using real programmable logic controllers (PLCs) that interact with a simulated physical infrastructure. We used this test bed to examine the capability of our NIDS approach in several attack scenarios. The experimental analysis reveals that our approach is capable of detecting various attacks scenarios including the attacks initiated within the trusted perimeter of the automation network by attackers that have complete knowledge about the communication information exchanged

Demand response in future power networks: Panorama and state-of-the-art

One of the key features of future power networks, referred to as smart grids, is deploying demand-side resources in order to reduce the stress at the supply side. This implies active participation of electricity customers, as a societal network, in the power networks, as a physical network, which increases the interdependencies of these two networks due to the effect of demand response programs on power systems. Furthermore, in the future smart cities there is a crucial need to take advantage of demand-side resources to supply electricity in a sustainable manner. In this context, demand response programs play a pivotal role in electricity market in order to achieve supply-demand balance by taking advantage of the load flexibility. In this chapter, we provide a thorough review of the state-of-the-art approaches to implement demand response programs in smart grid environment. To this end, we first introduce the available methods to model load participation in terms of demand response programs, such as game theoretic frameworks, price elasticity, and direct load control. We then review the methods for integrating demand-side resources into power systems. Several aspects of demand response programs are reviewed in this chapter. Finally, an overview of the recent advances in demand response literature is presented