Dynamics of Hot QCD Matter -- Current Status and Developments

The discovery and characterization of hot and dense QCD matter, known as Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP), remains the most international collaborative effort and synergy between theorists and experimentalists in modern nuclear physics to date. The experimentalists around the world not only collect an unprecedented amount of data in heavy-ion collisions, at Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) in New York, USA, and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland but also analyze these data to unravel the mystery of this new phase of matter that filled a few microseconds old universe, just after the Big Bang. In the meantime, advancements in theoretical works and computing capability extend our wisdom about the hot-dense QCD matter and its dynamics through mathematical equations. The exchange of ideas between experimentalists and theoreticians is crucial for the progress of our knowledge. The motivation of this first conference named "HOT QCD Matter 2022" is to bring the community together to have a discourse on this topic. In this article, there are 36 sections discussing various topics in the field of relativistic heavy-ion collisions and related phenomena that cover a snapshot of the current experimental observations and theoretical progress. This article begins with the theoretical overview of relativistic spin-hydrodynamics in the presence of the external magnetic field, followed by the Lattice QCD results on heavy quarks in QGP, and finally, it ends with an overview of experiment results.Comment: Compilation of the contributions (148 pages) as presented in the `Hot QCD Matter 2022 conference', held from May 12 to 14, 2022, jointly organized by IIT Goa & Goa University, Goa, Indi

Thermooptic reconfigurable Mach Zehnder quantum interference device

Integrated Mach-Zehnder (MZ) quantum optic circuit is one of most promising approaches for generation and reconfiguration of complex quantum interference. Here, multi photons quantum entanglement is formulated in terms of thermooptic phase change in MZ interferometer having 3 dB two mode interference couplers (MZ-TMI). The manipulation of quantum entanglement is demonstrated theoretically, opening a way to design silicon based quantum optic technology platform for quantum processing applications. Our results also provide multi-photon quantum interference with high fabrication tolerance and fidelity of 0.98 ± 0.01 within smaller dimension than previous implementation of MZ component

Design & Simulation of Analog Phase Lock Loop With Ring oscillators Using 0.18µm CMOS Technology

This brief discusses the challenges and present techniques in designing analog phase-locked loops in nanometer CMOS. Phase Locked Loops are used in every communication system. Some of its uses include recovering clock from digital data signals, performing frequency, phase modulation and demodulation, recovering the carrier from satellite transmission signals and as a frequency synthesizer. There are many designs in communication that require frequency synthesizer to generate a range of frequencies; such as cordless telephones, mobile radios and other wireless products. The accuracy of the required frequencies is very important in these designs as the performance is based on this parameter. One approach to this necessity could be to use crystal oscillators. It is not only impractical, but is impossible to use an array of crystal oscillators for multiple frequencies. Therefore some other techniques must be used to circumvent the problem. The main benefit of using Phase Locked Loop technique in frequency synthesizers that it can generate frequencies comparable to the accuracy of a crystal oscillator and offer other advantages mentioned previously. For this reason most of the communication design make use of a PLL frequency synthesizer. Considering the scope of this single circuit, Phase locked loop is an excellent research topic as it covers many disciplines of electrical engineering such as Communication Theory, Control Theory, Signal Analysis, Noise Characterization, design with transistors and op-Amps, Digital Circuit design and non-linear circuit analysis. I am using .35µm CMOS Technology. I am using microwave office tools (AWR) to implement this work

A Low-Temperature Efficient Approach for the Fabrication of ZnO-rGO heterostructures for Applications in Optoelectronic Applications

In recent years, graphene oxides (GO)/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and its derivatives have garnered/gained the attention of the scientific and research community due to their superior candidature in various electronic and optoelectronic devices due to their exceptional solution processability, easy fabrication, and tunable electron transport properties. However, the requirement of high-temperature processing steps and complicated processes motivates the scientific community to find simple, efficient, and low-temperature methods. Here, we report the synthesis of GO/rGOs and ZnO-rGO nanocomposite at a relatively low temperature of 150 °C using a simple and efficient solution-processed methodology. The SEM/EDX, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, FTIR, and UV-vis spectroscopy performed to investigate the morphological, structural, and optical properties confirmed the successful synthesis of GO, rGO, and ZnO-rGO with an enhanced carbon-carbon (sp2 and sp $^{3}$ ) component and reduced oxygen-containing functional group and the restoration of the graphitic domain in the hybrid nanocomposite, attributed to the possible chemical interaction between the rGO and ZnO through oxygen-containing functional groups. The bandgap of ZnO-rGO is modulated from 3.27 eV to 2.72 eV in comparison to pure ZnO. Using Hall measurement the carrier concentration was found to be $3.077\times 10^{17}$ cm $^{-3}$ , $4.518\times 10^{20}$ cm $^{-3}$ , and $2.973\times 10^{19}$ cm $^{-3}$ for ZnO, rGO, and ZnO-rGO, respectively, and the mobility was calculated as 16.787 cm2/V.s, 46.112 cm2/V.s and 25.953 cm2/V.s, respectively. The fabricated cell exhibited a power conversion efficiency of 6.17 % ( $\text{V}_{\mathrm {oc}}$ = 0.551 V and $\text{J}_{\mathrm {sc}}$ = 24.33 mA/cm2. After 8 weeks, 90 % of the initial efficiency could be achieved, suggesting excellent stability of the fabricated devices. The prepared samples have potential applications in different electronics and optoelectronics devices for enhanced performance