Measurements of the extinction parameters of hot seeded hydrogen at high pressures

Measurement of extinction parameter of tungsten-hydrogen aerosols as function of wavelength at high pressures and temperature

Morphology and development of the Cape Tribulation fringing reefs, Great Barrier Reef, Australia

on the reef crest and most of the back reef ceased approximately5400 years before present, probably in response to increasing turbidity and water quality deterioration as fine sediments accumulated offshore and became resuspended during strong winds. Significant coral growth is now restricted to the subtidal fore reef but reef progradation has been minimal over the last 5000 years.The height of the reef crests relative to present day sea level and the absence of low magnesian calcite cements in the fringing reefs suggest that they have not been subjected to extensive subaerial exposure, with a maximum Holocene relative sea level of only 0.6 to 1.0 m above its present position being responsible for the height of the present algal covered reef crest. The fringing reefs can be divided into four lithologic assemblages: i) a fluvial gravel basement deposited as alluvial fans from the steeply sloping hinterland ii) a lower framestone unit iii) a detrital assemblage and iv) an upper framestone-bandstone unit

Resource Management in Diffserv On DemAnd (RODA) PHR

The purpose of this draft is to present the Resource Management in Diffserv (RMD) On DemAnd (RODA) Per Hop Reservation (PHR) protocol. The RODA PHR protocol is used on a per-hop basis in a Differentiated Services (Diffserv) domain and extends the Diffserv Per Hop Behavior (PHB) with resource provisioning and control

Resource Management in Diffserv (RMD) Framework

This draft presents the work on the framework for the Resource Management in Diffserv (RMD) designed for edge-to-edge resource reservation in a Differentiated Services (Diffserv) domain. The RMD extends the Diffserv architecture with new resource reservation concepts and features. Moreover, this framework enhances the Load Control protocol described in [WeTu00].\ud \ud The RMD framework defines two architectural concepts:\ud - the Per Hop Reservation (PHR)\ud - the Per Domain Reservation (PDR)\ud \ud The PHR protocol is used within a Diffserv domain on a per-hop basis to augment the Diffserv Per Hop Behavior (PHB) with resource reservation. It is implemented in all nodes in a Diffserv domain. On the other hand, the PDR protocol manages the resource reservation per Diffserv domain, relying on the PHR resource reservation status in all nodes. The PDR is only implemented at the boundary of the domain (at the edge nodes).\ud \ud The RMD framework presented in this draft describes the new reservation concepts and features. Furthermore it describes the:\ud - relationship between the PHR and PHB\ud - interaction between the PDR and PHR\ud - interoperability between the PDR and external resource reservation schemes\ud \ud This framework is an open framework in the sense that it provides the basis for interoperability with other resource reservation schemes and can be applied in different types of networks as long as they are Diffserv domains. It aims at extreme simplicity and low cost of implementation along with good scaling properties

Progress toward a 30 percent-efficient, monolithic, three-junction, two-terminal concentrator solar cell for space applications

Component efficiencies of 0.2/sq cm cells at approximately 100x AMO light concentration and 80 C temperatures are not at 15.3 percent for a 1.9 eV AlGaAs top cell, 9.9 percent for a 1.4 eV GaAs middle cell under a 1.9 eV AlGaAs filter, and 2.4 percent for a bottom 1.0 eV InGaAs cell under a GaAs substrate. The goal is to continue improvement in these performance levels and to sequentially grow these devices on a single substrate to give 30 percent efficient, monolithic, two-terminal, three-junction space concentrator cells. The broad objective is a 30 percent efficient monolithic two-terminal cell that can operate under 25 to 100x AMO light concentrations and at 75 to 100 C cell temperatures. Detailed modeling predicts that this requires three junctions. Two options are being pursued, and both use a 1.9 eV AlGaAs top junction and a 1.4 eV GaAs middle junction grown by a 1 atm OMVPE on a lattice matched substrate. Option 1 uses a low-doped GaAs substrate with a lattice mismatched 1.0 eV InGaAs cell formed on the back of the substrate. Option 2 uses a Ge substrate to which the AlGaAs and GaAs top junctions are lattice matched, with a bottom 0.7 eV Ge junction formed near the substrate interface with the GaAs growth. The projected efficiency contributions are near 16, 11, and 3 percent, respectively, from the top, middle, and bottom junctions

Cornerstone of Union Victory: Officer Partnerships in Joint Operations in the West

The American Civil War included one of the pivotal naval contests of the nineteenth century. A topic of considerable importance is the joint operations on the western waters that brought about a string of crucial victories in the conflict for the Union. The effective cooperation of the naval river fleet and the western armies was a major cornerstone of Union victory. Scholars have written biographies of the more noted admirals and narratives of the flotilla have been detailed. What has not been accomplished is an exploration of the Union officers’ professional partnerships between the Mississippi Squadron commanders and their corresponding army counterparts. The Naval-Army joint missions in the riverine operations impacted the overall operational effectiveness of the Union forces and are significant to understanding the outcome of the war. This study is grounded in the Official Records of the War of the Rebellion and the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies, as well as key combatants’ memoirs and postwar writings. These reveal the successes and failures in Army-Navy cooperation and their significance to the larger war effort. The complexities of these professional relationships underscore the challenges of combined operations and offer insight for modern military leaders and scholars examining the significance of the Western Theater of operations on the Union’s ultimate victory in the American Civil War

Creating Rights, Terminating Rights, Overcoming Legal Conflicts

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Influences on Reported Nonprofit Lobbying Efforts

The nonprofit sector holds an interesting role in democracy, as this segment balances the powers of government and business by providing a way to cultivate social justice and afford people a means of acting and promoting interests outside of the government and private sectors. Nonprofit organizations therefore allow people to join together in providing services and programs that strengthen the communities in which they act. Advocacy involves identifying, embracing, and promoting a cause, especially by educating the public about their organization, whether this is through public engagement, coalition building, or lobbying. Lobbying is a specific but critical component of general advocacy that enriches a nonprofit’s ability to fulfill its mission and helps to build informed public policies. For some organizations, issue advocacy is the purpose of their existence, others use it as a way to meet organizational goals, but some may avoid issue advocacy as a whole. Since the Internal Revenue Service gives federal tax-exemption status to organizations categorized as 501(c)(3), there are lobbying expenditure limitations on this category as put into law; most organizations do not get close to this threshold, but some change their advocacy techniques to avoid approaching the limit and endangering their tax-exempt status. Some literature shows that there is a positive relationship between the size of an organization and the amount of lobbying expenditures reported, but a negative relationship between certain types of funding sources and the willingness of a nonprofit to report lobbying expenditures. Therefore, there is not only the question of what factors influence whether a 501(c)(3) organization is willing to engage in lobbying efforts, but what factors may influence the extent of lobbying expenditures should be considered as well. These factors for each question may be the same, but they must be tested separately. Literature from the field is used to gain an understanding of nonprofit advocacy and lobbying efforts and the tendencies of 501(c)(3) organizations to lobby, as well as to define the expectations of what should be reported on the Form 990 to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). Using data from IRS Form 990, this study analyzes the relationship between lobbying expenditures, the size of the organization, and various funding sources. Funding sources assessed include direct public support, indirect public support, government grants, program service revenue, and membership fees and assessments. Two regression models were utilized, one to look at the factors associated with the organization’s willingness to engage in lobbying efforts, and a second to assess the factors associated with the extent of lobbying expenditures, if the organization did indeed engage in lobbying efforts. The study finds a statistically significant positive relationship between several sources of funding (direct public support, indirect public support, and program service revenue) and the reporting of lobbying expenditures, as well as a statistically significant positive relationship between several sources of funding (direct public support and indirect public support) and the amount of lobbying expenditures reported by the organizations that do engage in lobbying efforts. The funding factors associated for each of these questions did not provide the same results. The variable of the size of the organization provided straightforward results; the larger the organization, the more likely the organization was to lobby because it had more access to funding, but eventually the size was not a factor and the organization either reported lobbying or did not. Therefore, instead of the results showing that all large nonprofits lobby, it shows that if a large nonprofit does lobby, then they do a lot of it. Across the board, any increased amounts of funding correlated with increased reports of lobbying expenditures. Further conclusions are problematic, however, due to limitations in the research design. Although the dataset provided a large sample, more control over the sample selection would be ideal, as this study had to work within the constraints of limited data access. To truly assess the impacts of funding and size factors on lobbying expenditures, great care would need to be taken in ensuring the data from the IRS Form 990 was correctly filed by each organization, and proper measures would need to be taken to collect the data from organizations of a specific sector to ensure a more homogenous and specific data set. An interpretation of the results and a recommendation for further studies is made in the conclusion of this paper

Are All our Readings Misreadings?: Derrida, The Flickering A (A Look At Derrida On Interpretation)

The author here guides us toward a sensible conceptualization of Derrida’s philosophical/literary impact on the world. First, Derrida’s demonstration concerning the a or e in differ(e/a)nce is meant to protest the silence in the universe, the insufficiency of language. He speaks of the term “difference” in linguistic terms; as disruption; and as the space between the two. He goes further than Nietzsche in his assault on Western metaphysics. The author then tells us why Derrida resists being identified and labeled, commenting next on how his playfulness relates to logic and negative theology—how he manages to communicate something that resembles conventional thinking. Following that, the discussion describes how comfortable Derrida appears to be in his own misreadings, but uncomfortable with misreadings of himself. Is this a fault of his theory or a matter of human nature, we might ask? Finally, the author reveals his final verdict: Derrida is not the way, but a sign that tells us there is no certain way