The ROCK inhibitor Fasudil prevents chronic restraint stress-induced depressive-like behaviors and dendritic spine loss in rat hippocampus

Indexación: Web of Science; Scopus.Background: Dendritic arbor simplification and dendritic spine loss in the hippocampus, a limbic structure implicated in mood disorders, are assumed to contribute to symptoms of depression. These morphological changes imply modifications in dendritic cytoskeleton. Rho GTPases are regulators of actin dynamics through their effector Rho kinase. We have reported that chronic stress promotes depressive-like behaviors in rats along with dendritic spine loss in apical dendrites of hippocampal pyramidal neurons, changes associated with Rho kinase activation. The present study proposes that the Rho kinase inhibitor Fasudil may prevent the stress-induced behavior and dendritic spine loss. Methods: Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with saline or Fasudil (i.p., 10 mg/kg) starting 4 days prior to and maintained during the restraint stress procedure (2.5 h/d for 14 days). Nonstressed control animals were injected with saline or Fasudil for 18 days. At 24 hours after treatment, forced swimming test, Golgi-staining, and immuno-western blot were performed. Results: Fasudil prevented stress-induced immobility observed in the forced swimming test. On the other hand, Fasudiltreated control animals showed behavioral patterns similar to those of saline-treated controls. Furthermore, we observed that stress induced an increase in the phosphorylation of MYPT1 in the hippocampus, an exclusive target of Rho kinase. This change was accompanied by dendritic spine loss of apical dendrites of pyramidal hippocampal neurons. Interestingly, increased pMYPT1 levels and spine loss were both prevented by Fasudil administration. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that Fasudil may prevent the development of abnormal behavior and spine loss induced by chronic stress by blocking Rho kinase activity.https://academic.oup.com/ijnp/article/20/4/336/263217

The Changing Role of Global Financial Brands in the Underwriting of Foreign Government Debt (1815-2010)

This paper covers the long-term evolution of the primary market for foreign government debt. We discuss the role of financial intermediaries as underwriters and distributors of securities, providers of information, and lending of last resort services since the early 19th century, and the evolution of this role. We underscore the role of the prestige of global financial brands in sustaining early foreign debt markets and its weakening in the modern era.Sovereign debt, primary bond market, reputation, underwriting, certification, information asymmetries, investment banking, credit rating agencies, IMF

Hamiltonian description of singular Lagrangian systems with spontaneously broken time translation symmetry

Shapere and Wilczek recently found some singular Lagrangian systems which spontaneously breaks time translation symmetry. The common feature of their models is that the energy functions are multivalued in terms of the canonical phase space variables and the symmetry breaking ground states are all located at the brunching point singularities. By enlarging the phase space and making use of Dirac's theory on constrained Hamiltonian systems, we present the Hamiltonian description of some of the models discussed by Shapere and Wilczek and found that both the multivaluedness and the brunching point singularities can be avoided, while the spontaneous breaking oftime translation becomes more transparent. It is also shown that the breaking of time translation is always accompanied by the breaking of time reversal.Comment: 13 page

COLA. III. Radio Detection of Active Galactic Nucleus in Compact Moderate Luminosity Infrared Galaxies

We present results from 4.8 GHz Very Large Array (VLA) and global very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations of the northern half of the moderate FIR luminosity (median L_(IR) = 10^(11.01) L_☉) COLA sample of star-forming galaxies. VLBI sources are detected in a high fraction (20/90) of the galaxies observed. The radio luminosities of these cores (~10^(21) W Hz^(–1)) are too large to be explained by radio supernovae or supernova remnants and we argue that they are instead powered by active galactic nuclei (AGNs). These sub-parsec scale radio cores are preferentially detected toward galaxies whose VLA maps show bright 100-500 parsec scale nuclear radio components. Since these latter structures tightly follow the FIR to radio-continuum correlation for star formation, we conclude that the AGN-powered VLBI sources are associated with compact nuclear starburst environments. The implications for possible starburst-AGN connections are discussed. The detected VLBI sources have a relatively narrow range of radio luminosity consistent with models in which intense compact Eddington-limited starbursts regulate the gas supply onto a central supermassive black hole. The high incidence of AGN radio cores in compact starbursts suggests little or no delay between the starburst phase and the onset of AGN activity

Effects of clinical experience in the nursing student attitudes toward people with psychiatric disabilities

Indexación: Scopus; Scielo.En la formación del estudiante de pregrado de Enfermería se hace fundamental la elección de experiencias de aprendizaje significativas. Objetivo: Determinar el efecto de la experiencia clínica en servicios de psiquiatría, en las actitudes de estudiantes de Enfermería hacia las personas con discapacidad psiquiátrica. Material y método: Diseño cuasi experimental de pre y postest. La muestra incluyó un total de 84 estudiantes de Enfermería de tercer año de dos universidades de Santiago de Chile. El total de la muestra completó la "Escala de Actitudes hacia las Personas con Discapacidad" (EAPD) forma G. Se consideró como intervención las estrategias usadas en las asignaturas clínicas de enfermería psiquiátrica en ambas universidades. Se realizó prueba t de student para muestras relacionadas. Resultados: Se encontró diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p< 0,05) en el postest, lo que está relacionado con las experiencias de aprendizaje que consideran el contacto con personas con discapacidad psiquiátrica, en diferentes dispositivos de la red de psiquiatría y el acompañamiento docente directo. Conclusión: Estos hallazgos validan la importancia de la elección de experiencias clínicas, en los currículos de formación de Enfermería, como instancias que disminuyen las actitudes negativas como la estigmatización.The choice of meaningful learning experiences becomes essential in basic Nursing education programs. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of clinical experience in psychiatric services in Nursing students' attitudes towards people with mental illnesses. A quasi-experimental design method of pre-test and post-test was used. The sample was made up of 84 third-year-nursing students from two universities in Santiago, Chile. All of the participants completed the Scale of Attitudes Toward Disabled Persons (SADP)-G. The strategies used in subjects of psychiatric nursing at both universities were regarded as intervention. Student t test for related samples was performed. Results: Respondents reported statistically significant difference (p <0.05) in the post test, which is associated with learning experiences that consider contact with people with mental illness in any of the different psychiatry network nodes and direct educational support. Conclusion: Validate the importance of including the clinical experience in the nursing training curriculum as a way of reducing negative attitudes of Nursing students, such as stigmatization, towards people with mental illnesses.https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-95532017000300125&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=e

Inflammation and changes in cytokine levels in neurological feline infectious peritonitis.

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a progressive, fatal, predominantly Arthus-type immune-mediated disease that is triggered when cats are infected with a mutant enteric coronavirus. The disease presents variably with multiple organ failure, seizures, generalized effusion, or shock. Neurological FIP is clinically and pathologically more homogeneous than systemic 'wet' or 'dry' FIP; thus, comparison of cytokine profiles from cats with neurological FIP, wet FIP, and non-FIP neurological disease may provide insight into some baseline characteristics relating to the immunopathogenesis of neurological FIP. This study characterizes inflammation and changes in cytokines in the brain tissue of FIP-affected cats. Cellular infiltrates in cats with FIP included lymphocytes, plasma cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and eosinophils. IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-12, IL-18, TNF-alpha, macrophage inhibitory protein (MIP)-1 alpha, and RANTES showed no upregulation in the brains of control cats, moderate upregulation in neurological FIP cats, and very high upregulation in generalized FIP cats. Transcription of IFN-gamma appeared upregulated in cats with systemic FIP and slightly downregulated in neurological FIP. In most cytokines tested, variance was extremely high in generalized FIP and much less in neurological FIP. Principal components analysis was performed in order to find the least number of 'components' that would summarize the cytokine profiles in cats with neurological FIP. A large component of the variance (91.7%) was accounted for by levels of IL-6, MIP-1 alpha, and RANTES. These findings provide new insight into the immunopathogenesis of FIP and suggest targets for immune therapy of this disease