Fear of Failure, Mindfulness, and Procrastination

Procrastination is a complex behavior with often negative consequences. Prior studies have found a positive correlation between procrastination and various negative emotional states, such as fear of failure. Conversely, specific mindfulness techniques, have been negatively associated with procrastination in prior research. The current study set out to examine the correlations of fear of failure and procrastination as well as those of mindfulness and procrastination. A sample of university students (n=310) were assessed using three scales: the Performance Failure Appraisal Inventory (PFAI), the Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills (KIMS), and the Pure Procrastination Scale (PPS). Results indicated a significant positive correlation between total fear of failure and total procrastination; total fear of failure and decisional procrastination; total fear of failure and timeliness/lateness; fear of important others losing interest and total procrastination; fear of important others losing interest and timeliness/lateness; fear of having an uncertain future and timeliness/lateness; and fear of experiencing shame or embarrassment and total procrastination. Findings indicated a significant negative correlation between acting with awareness and total procrastination; acting with awareness and delay in implementation; and describing and decisional procrastination. These findings support the view that, overall, fear of failure and procrastination are positively correlated and mindfulness and procrastination are inversely correlated. They point to further research being needed relative to whether mindfulness can play an intermediary role between the experience of fear of failure and procrastinatory behavior

THE DEVELOPMENT OF MULTIMODAL SOCIAL COMMUNICATION IN INFANTS AT HIGH RISK FOR AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS

In addition to impairments in gaze, facial expression, gesture, and sound, children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have difficulty producing these behaviors in coordination. Two studies were designed to evaluate the extent to which delayed and/or atypical development in the production or coordination of social communication behaviors can identify children eventually diagnosed with ASD. This research was grounded in Dynamic Systems Theory (DST), which proposes that changes in development depend on the interaction of multiple subsystems within the child, the environment, and the demands of the task; and that instability in one component can translate into varied developmental courses. A prospective longitudinal design was used to compare 9 infants at high familial risk for ASD (HR) later diagnosed with ASD, with 13 HR infants with language delay, 28 HR infants with no diagnosis, and 30 low risk (LR) infants. Participants were observed at home during naturalistic play with a primary caregiver at 8, 10, 12, 14, and 18 months. Frequencies of gestures, words, non-word vocalizations, eye contact, and smiles, and instances in which behaviors overlapped in time, were coded from videotape. Study 1 revealed that, while all infants demonstrated similar levels of communicative behavior at 8 months, ASD infants exhibited significantly slower growth in coordinations involving pre-speech vocalizations and those involving gestures used for joint attention than all other infants, even those exhibiting language delays. Study 2 demonstrated that information gathered on social communication skills during a natural setting improved prediction of diagnostic outcome when combined with standardized assessments and parent report; and the setting, method of measurement, and frequency of assessment were important factors in determining risk. Across both studies, variability was detected between and within infants. Results suggest that behavioral signs of ASD emerge over time in specific areas of communication. Disruption in the coordination of pre-speech vocalizations may result in negative cascading effects that have important implications for later social and linguistic development. Findings emphasize the importance of examining a wide range of communicative behavior in HR infants across contexts repeatedly over time and that DST offers a valuable framework with which to better understand their development

The Reorganization of Communicative Behaviors around the Onset of the Vocabulary Spurt: A Dynamic Systems Approach

This study investigated the reorganization of communicative behaviors during the window of time surrounding the vocabulary spurt by considering the relationship between language, gesture, and affect as the communicative system undergoes a period of instability. Eighteen typically developing infants were videotaped with a primary caregiver at home one month before, at, and one month after the onset of the vocabulary spurt. There were significant differences between the vocabulary spurt session and surrounding sessions in terms of the production and temporal patterning of expressive behaviors. Specifically, the coordination of communicative behaviors occurred less frequently; speech was particularly unlikely to appear in coordination with other behaviors; and the use of earlier well-practiced configurations (e.g., affect combined with meaningless vocalizations) increased specifically at the spurt session. In addition, infants who experienced a more dramatic transition in vocabulary development showed evidence of greater system-wide instability at the vocabulary spurt onset. Findings underscore the importance of examining the communicative system as a whole and using a milestone-based dynamic systems approach to studying developmental change

Fungal bioconversion of brewery by-products: assessment of fatty acids and sterols profiles

Waste management of brewery by-products is economically and environmentally problematic. In the frame of bio-recycling, this study aims to investigate the bioconversion of brewery by-products by filamentous fungi. Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinula edodes were grown on different substrates based on brewer’s spent grains (fresh and dry). Afterwards, fatty acids and sterols were determined. Following the selection of the suitable substrate composition for fungal growth, results showed that fatty acids composition of fungal biomasses varied significantly as a function of substrate and fungal strain. Interestingly, fungal fat might be used for human nutrition due to low SFA/UFA ratios (~0.2–0.4) within the same range of vegetal oils. Sterols profile of fungi biomass revealed the predominance of ergosterol. Also, it was found that the fungi growing on by-products slightly reduced the cholesterol contents. As such, this approach focusing on the bioconversion of by-products using fungi can provide biomasses with a fat composition suitable for feed and human consumption.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Anticipatory Smiling: Linking Early Affective Communication and Social Outcome

In anticipatory smiles, infants appear to communicate pre-existing positive affect by smiling at an object and then turning the smile toward an adult. We report two studies in which the precursors, development, and consequences of anticipatory smiling were investigated. Study 1 revealed a positive correlation between infant smiling at 6 months and the level of anticipatory smiling at 8 and 10 months during joint attention episodes, as well as a positive correlation between anticipatory smiling and parent-rated social expressivity scores at 30 months. Study 2 confirmed a developmental increase in the number of infants using anticipatory smiles between 9 and 12 months that had been initially documented in the Study 1 sample [Venezia, M., Messinger, D. S., Thorp, D., & Mundy, P. (2004). The development of anticipatory smiling. Infancy, 6(3), 397–406]. Additionally, anticipatory smiling at 9 months positively predicted parent-rated social competence scores at 30 months. Findings are discussed with regard to the importance of anticipatory smiling in early socioemotional development

Teaching Counseling Microskills Through the Use of Reflective Practice in Helping Professions

This study examined the use of reflective journaling in conjunction with role-playing as a tool for the development of microskills. Qualitative data were collected from graduate student trainees\u27 (N = 22) reflective journals. Findings suggest that trainees describe the significant impact reflective practice has had on their self-efficacy, managing difficult emotions, recognizing the complexity of counseling skills, self-evaluation, and the importance of feedback. Implications for using reflective practice as a training tool in graduate-level counseling skill courses and future research are discussed

Infant Responding to Joint Attention, Executive Processes, and Self-Regulation in Preschool Children

Infant joint attention is related to behavioral and social outcomes, as well as language in childhood. Recent research and theory suggests that the relations between joint attention and social–behavioral outcomes may reflect the role of executive self-regulatory processes in the development of joint attention. To test this hypothesis two studies were conducted. The first, cross-sectional study examined the development of responding to joint attention (RJA) skill in terms of increasing executive efficiency of responding between 9 and 18 months of age. The results indicated that development of RJA was characterized by a decreased latency to shift attention in following another person\u27s gaze and head turn, as well as an increase in the proportion of correct RJA responses exhibited by older infants. The second study examined the longitudinal relations between 12-month measures of responding to joint attention and 36-month attention regulation in a delay of gratification task. The results indicated that responding to joint attention at 12-months was significantly related to children\u27s use of three types of self-regulation behaviors while waiting for a snack reward at 36 months of age. These observations are discussed in light of a developmental theory of attention regulation and joint attention in infancy

Quercirhiza quadratum: a revision of the characters and identity of the ad type ectomycorrhiza

The well-known AD type, described first by Giraud in 1988, is considered as a competitor in black truffle (Tuber melanosporum Vittad.) plantations. It has been mainly observed in T. melanosporum and T. magnatum Pico plantations in France and Italy. This ectomycorrhiza has always been observed on roots of oak (Quercus ilex L. and Q. faginea Lam.) and hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) plantations with “burnt” areas around the trees, even in those that do not produce black truffle sporocarps, so it can create false expectations in young plantations. The AD type has also been described in nurseries, as a competitive ectomycorrhiza on seedlings inoculated with black truffle. In Spain, AD type has been detected in black truffle plantations and natural holm oak stands in Navarra, Soria, Huesca, Zaragoza, Teruel, Castellón and Valencia. In 2005, De Román & De Miguel, suggested that AD type could be a telephoroid type due to its anatomical and morphological characters. In 2006, Baciarelli-Falini et al. using molecular techniques identified this type as an Ascomycotina belonging to Pezizales. The detailed anatomical, morphological and molecular study of the AD type led to a description as Quercirhiza quadratum (Águeda et al. 2008). Based on the anatomical and morphological characters, the AD type belongs to the Ascomycotina. The presence of Woronin bodies on hyphal septa, and the sometimes slightly dissolved septa, are two typical characters of this group. The DNA sequences obtained from the AD types studied showed close similarities with members of Pyronemataceae and Sarcosomataceae (Pezizales). Both taxonomic groups correspond to the same AD type as found by Baciarelli Falini et al., (2006). One of the studied sequences showed a close identity (100% maximum identity, 84% coverage) with Trichophaea woolhopeia (Cooke & W. Phillips) Arnould, although records of this fungal species are scarce in the Iberian Peninsula

Characterization and identification of field ectomycorrhizae of Boletus edulis and Cistus ladanifer

Field ectomycorrhizae sampled under Boletus edulis and Cistus ladanifer have been characterized and described in detail based on standard morphological and anatomical characters. The described ectomycorrhiza has traits typical of Boletales: whitish with three differentiated plectenchymatous layers in the mantle in plan view forming ring-like structures and rhizomorphs with highly differentiated hyphae. The inflated, smooth cystidia-like clavate end cells on the surface of the rhizomorphs and their slightly twisted external hyphae are additional characterizing features. The Hartig net occupies 1 1/2 rows of cortical cells, partly reaching the endodermis. Not all hyphae have clamps. The identification of the fungal symbiont as B. edulis was confirmed by ITS rDNA sequence comparison between mycorrhizas and sporocarps. The singularity of this symbiotic association, as well as its ecological and practical implications, are discussed

Efficiency of the traditional practice of traps to stimulate black truffle production, and its ecological mechanisms

The black truffle Tuber melanosporum was disseminated all over the world, propelled by the development of a wide variety of empirical practices. A widespread practice, called ‘truffle trap’, consists of placing pieces of truffles into excavations dug under host trees, and of collecting truffle in these traps in the next years. This research aims at (1) evaluating the effect of this practice on fruitbody production based on the analysis of 9924 truffle traps installed in 11 orchards across T. melanosporum native area in France and (2) exploring the mechanisms involved in fruitbody emergence using traps where the genotypes of introduced truffles were compared with those of fruitbodies collected in the same traps. We confirmed that truffle traps provide a major and highly variable part of truffle ground production, representing up to 89% of the collected fruitbodies. We evidenced a genetic link between introduced spores and collected fruitbodies, and then demonstrated that truffle growers provide paternal partners for mating with local maternal mycelia. We also highlighted that soil disturbance stimulate the vegetative development of established maternal mycelia. This research supports that a widely used traditional practice enhances fruitbody production by shaping favorable conditions and providing sexual partners required for fruiting.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio