7 research outputs found
Distinct Firing Activities of the Hypothalamic Arcuate Nucleus Neurons to Appetite Hormones
The hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (Arc) is a central unit that controls the appetite through
the integration of metabolic, hormonal, and neuronal afferent inputs. Agouti-related protein (AgRP),
proopiomelanocortin (POMC), and dopaminergic neurons in the Arc differentially regulate feeding
behaviors in response to hunger, satiety, and appetite, respectively. At the time of writing, the anatomical
and electrophysiological characterization of these three neurons has not yet been intensively
explored. Here, we interrogated the overall characterization of AgRP, POMC, and dopaminergic
neurons using genetic mouse models, immunohistochemistry, and whole-cell patch recordings.
We identified the distinct geographical location and intrinsic properties of each neuron in the Arc
with the transgenic lines labelled with cell-specific reporter proteins. Moreover, AgRP, POMC, and
dopaminergic neurons had different firing activities to ghrelin and leptin treatments. Ghrelin led to
the increased firing rate of dopaminergic and AgRP neurons, and the decreased firing rate of POMC.
In sharp contrast, leptin resulted in the decreased firing rate of AgRP neurons and the increased
firing rate of POMC neurons, while it did not change the firing rate of dopaminergic neurons in Arc.
These findings demonstrate the anatomical and physiological uniqueness of three hypothalamic Arc
neurons to appetite control
Distinct firing activities of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus neurons to appetite hormones
The hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (Arc) is a central unit that controls the appetite through the integration of metabolic, hormonal, and neuronal afferent inputs. Agouti-related protein (AgRP), proopiomelanocortin (POMC), and dopaminergic neurons in the Arc differentially regulate feeding behaviors in response to hunger, satiety, and appetite, respectively. At the time of writing, the anatomical and electrophysiological characterization of these three neurons has not yet been intensively explored. Here, we interrogated the overall characterization of AgRP, POMC, and dopaminergic neurons using genetic mouse models, immunohistochemistry, and whole-cell patch recordings. We identified the distinct geographical location and intrinsic properties of each neuron in the Arc with the transgenic lines labelled with cell-specific reporter proteins. Moreover, AgRP, POMC, and dopaminergic neurons had different firing activities to ghrelin and leptin treatments. Ghrelin led to the increased firing rate of dopaminergic and AgRP neurons, and the decreased firing rate of POMC. In sharp contrast, leptin resulted in the decreased firing rate of AgRP neurons and the increased firing rate of POMC neurons, while it did not change the firing rate of dopaminergic neurons in Arc. These findings demonstrate the anatomical and physiological uniqueness of three hypothalamic Arc neurons to appetite control
Novel Enhanced Mammalian Cell Transient Expression Vector via Promoter Combination
During the emergence of infectious diseases, evaluating the efficacy of newly developed vaccines requires antigen proteins. Available methods enhance antigen protein productivity; however, structural modifications may occur. Therefore, we aimed to construct a novel transient overexpression vector capable of rapidly producing large quantities of antigenic proteins in mammalian cell lines. This involved expanding beyond the exclusive use of the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, and was achieved by incorporating a transcriptional enhancer (CMV enhancer), a translational enhancer (woodchuck hepatitis virus post-transcriptional regulatory element), and a promoter based on the CMV promoter. Twenty novel transient expression vectors were constructed, with the vector containing the human elongation factor 1-alpha (EF-1a) promoter showing the highest efficiency in expressing foreign proteins. This vector exhibited an approximately 27-fold higher expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein than the control vector containing only the CMV promoter. It also expressed the highest level of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 receptor-binding domain protein. These observations possibly result from the simultaneous enhancement of the transcriptional activity of the CMV promoter and the human EF-1a promoter by the CMV enhancer. Additionally, the synergistic effect between the CMV and human EF-1a promoters likely contributed to the further enhancement of protein expression
Distinct Firing Activities of the Hypothalamic Arcuate Nucleus Neurons to Appetite Hormones
The hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (Arc) is a central unit that controls the appetite through
the integration of metabolic, hormonal, and neuronal afferent inputs. Agouti-related protein (AgRP),
proopiomelanocortin (POMC), and dopaminergic neurons in the Arc differentially regulate feeding
behaviors in response to hunger, satiety, and appetite, respectively. At the time of writing, the anatomical
and electrophysiological characterization of these three neurons has not yet been intensively
explored. Here, we interrogated the overall characterization of AgRP, POMC, and dopaminergic
neurons using genetic mouse models, immunohistochemistry, and whole-cell patch recordings.
We identified the distinct geographical location and intrinsic properties of each neuron in the Arc
with the transgenic lines labelled with cell-specific reporter proteins. Moreover, AgRP, POMC, and
dopaminergic neurons had different firing activities to ghrelin and leptin treatments. Ghrelin led to
the increased firing rate of dopaminergic and AgRP neurons, and the decreased firing rate of POMC.
In sharp contrast, leptin resulted in the decreased firing rate of AgRP neurons and the increased
firing rate of POMC neurons, while it did not change the firing rate of dopaminergic neurons in Arc.
These findings demonstrate the anatomical and physiological uniqueness of three hypothalamic Arc
neurons to appetite control
Distinct Firing Activities of the Hypothalamic Arcuate Nucleus Neurons to Appetite Hormones
The hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (Arc) is a central unit that controls the appetite through
the integration of metabolic, hormonal, and neuronal afferent inputs. Agouti-related protein (AgRP),
proopiomelanocortin (POMC), and dopaminergic neurons in the Arc differentially regulate feeding
behaviors in response to hunger, satiety, and appetite, respectively. At the time of writing, the anatomical
and electrophysiological characterization of these three neurons has not yet been intensively
explored. Here, we interrogated the overall characterization of AgRP, POMC, and dopaminergic
neurons using genetic mouse models, immunohistochemistry, and whole-cell patch recordings.
We identified the distinct geographical location and intrinsic properties of each neuron in the Arc
with the transgenic lines labelled with cell-specific reporter proteins. Moreover, AgRP, POMC, and
dopaminergic neurons had different firing activities to ghrelin and leptin treatments. Ghrelin led to
the increased firing rate of dopaminergic and AgRP neurons, and the decreased firing rate of POMC.
In sharp contrast, leptin resulted in the decreased firing rate of AgRP neurons and the increased
firing rate of POMC neurons, while it did not change the firing rate of dopaminergic neurons in Arc.
These findings demonstrate the anatomical and physiological uniqueness of three hypothalamic Arc
neurons to appetite control
Measurement of branching fractions of and at Belle
We present a study of a singly Cabibbo-suppressed decay and a Cabibbo-favored decay based on 980 of data collected by the Belle detector, operating at the KEKB energy-asymmetric collider. We measure their branching fractions relative to : and . Combining with the world average , we have the absolute branching fractions: and . The first and second uncertainties are statistical and systematic, respectively, while the third ones arise from the uncertainty on . The mode is observed for the first time and has a statistical significance of . The branching fraction of has been measured with a threefold improvement in precision over previous results and is found to be consistent with the world average