Effect of diuretics on sodium, potassium and chloride levels- a cross sectional study

Background: Diuretics are one of the widely used class of drugs used in various cardiovascular and other disorders. However, they can cause various metabolic adverse effects, electrolyte imbalance being among important changes.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in which patients diagnosed with hypertension for at least one month were included. Over a period of 6 months patients were enrolled irrespective of whether they were taking diuretics or not. Demographic details, drug therapy and electrolyte levels were recorded in a proforma. Data was analyzed for difference in serum electrolyte levels between diuretic and nondiuretic groups as well as between different diuretic groups.Results: Out of total 177 participants, 71 were on diuretic therapy. There was significant difference in mean serum sodium (S. Na), potassium (S. K) and chlorine (S. Cl) levels between diuretic and nondiuretic groups (P<0.05). Hyponatremia, hypokalemia and hyperkalemia were observed. Thiazide diuretic group showed significantly greater hyponatremia compared to other diuretics (P=0.028). Hyperkalemia was observed in participants receiving K sparing diuretic or combination of loop and K sparing diuretics. Old age and number of comorbidities showed negative association with S. Na. Females had significantly more hyponatremia than male participants.Conclusions: The study confirms that diuretics cause various abnormalities in electrolytes namely Na and K levels. Old age, comorbidities and female sex are risk factors for hyponatremia

Subscale Ship Airwake Studies Using Novel Vortex Flow Devices with Smoke, Laser-Vapor-Screen and Particle Image Velocimetry

Ships produce vortices and air-wakes while either underway or stationary in a wind. These flow fields can be detrimental to the conduction of air operations in that they can adversely impact the air vehicles and flight crews. There are potential solutions to these problems for both frigates/destroyers and carriers through the use of novel vortex flow or flow control devices. This appendix highlights several devices which may have application and points out that traditional wind-tunnel testing using smoke, laser-vapor screen, and Particle Image Velocimetry can be useful in sorting out the effectiveness of different devices

More About the Tetrahedral Unstructured Software System

TetrUSS is a comprehensive suite of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) programs that won the Software of the Year award in 1996 and has found increasing use in government, academia, and industry for solving realistic flow problems (especially in aerodynamics and aeroelastics of aircraft having complex shapes). TetrUSS includes not only programs for solving basic equations of flow but also programs that afford capabilities for efficient generation and utilization of computational grids and for graphical representation of computed flows (see figure). The 2004 version of the Tetrahedral Unstructured Software System (TetrUSS), which is one of two software systems reported in "NASA s 2004 Software of the Year," NASA Tech Briefs, Vol. 28, No. 10 (October 2004), page 18, has been improved greatly since 1996. These improvements include (1) capabilities to simulate viscous flow by solving the Navier-Stokes equations on unstructured grids, (2) portability to personal computers from diverse manufacturers, (3) advanced models of turbulence, (4) a parallel-processing version of one of the unstructured-grid Navier-Stokes-equation-solving programs, and (5) advanced programs for generating unstructured grids

Aerodynamic Database Development for Mars Smart Lander Vehicle Configurations

An aerodynamic database has been generated for the Mars Smart Lander Shelf-All configuration using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. Three different CFD codes, USM3D and FELISA, based on unstructured grid technology and LAURA, an established and validated structured CFD code, were used. As part of this database development, the results for the Mars continuum were validated with experimental data and comparisons made where applicable. The validation of USM3D and LAURA with the Unitary experimental data, the use of intermediate LAURA check analyses, as well as the validation of FELISA with the Mach 6 CF 4 experimental data provided a higher confidence in the ability for CFD to provide aerodynamic data in order to determine the static trim characteristics for longitudinal stability. The analyses of the noncontinuum regime showed the existence of multiple trim angles of attack that can be unstable or stable trim points. This information is needed to design guidance controller throughout the trajectory

A ONE POT SYNTHESIS OF PYRANO(C)CHROMENES AS ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS

ABSTRACT The 4H-pyran nucleus is a fertile source of biologically important molecule possessing a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities. The advantage of one pot multicomponent reactions are synthetic efficiency, high atom-economy, structural diversity, operational simplicity and to avoid waste product formed in multi-step reaction. The synthesis ofdihydropyrano[c]chromene derivatives have been undertaken by the condensation of 4-hydroxycoumarin and 4-hydroxy-8-isopropyl-5-methylcoumarin with malononitrile and aromaticaldehyde using diammoniumhydrogen phosphate as a catalyst and alcohol as a solvent. The products obtained are to be characterized using spectral techniques like IR, NMR and mass spectrometry. The synthesised products are to be tested for antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gramnegative bacterial strains, antifungal activity