Pengelolaan Dana Kapitasi Bpjs Kesehatan di Puskesmas Watubangga Kecamatan Watubangga Kabupaten Kolaka Tahun 2015

Dana Kapitasi adalah besaran pembayaran per-bulan yang dibayar dimuka kepada Puskesmas berdasarkanjumlah peserta yang terdaftar tanpa memperhitungkan jenis dan jumlah pelayanan kesehatan yang diberikan.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengelolaan dana kapitasi BPJS Kesehatan di Puskesmas WatubanggaKabupaten Kolaka tahun 2015. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan fenomenologismenggunakan metode pengumpulan data melalui wawancara mendalam, observasi, pemeriksaan dokumen, dandokumentasi dengan peneliti berperan sebagai instrumen utama penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwapenganggaran dana kapitasi di Puskesmas Watubangga dengan membuat dokumen rencana pendapatan danbelanja dana kapitasi dalam bentuk RKA setiap bulan keempat pada tahun berjalan yang selanjutnya disampaikankepada SKPD Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Kolaka. Dari aspek pelaksanaan penatausahaan dana kapitasi diPuskesmas Watubangga dana kapitasi digunakan sepenuhnya untuk membayar jasa pelayanan yang dilakukan diPuskesmas berdasarkan akumulasi poin berdasarkan tingkat pendidikan, hari kerja, hari efektif dan masa kerja. Dariaspek pertanggungjawabanKepala Puskesmas Watubangga bertanggungjawab secara formal dan materil ataspendapatan dan belanja dana kapitasi JKN, sedangkan pemanfaatan dana kapitasi di Puskesmas Watubangga 80%dana kapitasi digunakan untuk membayar jasa pelayanan dan 20% digunakan untuk pendukung operasional.Kesimpulan dalam penelitian ini adalah dilakukan penganggaran dengan cara membuat RKA pada bulan ke 4 padatahun berjalan, dana kapitasi digunakan untuk membayar jasa pelayanan dan mendukung operasional, KepalaPuskesmas Watubangga bertanggungjawab secara formal dan materil yang disampaikan secara internal dalampertemuan Mini Lokakarya, dan 80% untuk membayar upah jasa pelayanan, 14% untuk pemenuhan BHP dan obat-obatandan 6% untuk kegiatan luar gedung atau pemeliharaan ambulan

Effects of Paraquat and Alachlor on Soil Microorganisms in Peat Soil

A study was carried out to investigate the effects of alachlor and paraquat on microbial activities in peat soil. Effects of the herbicides on CO2 evolution and phosphatase activity were monitored for 12 weeks in ambient conditions. The results showed that paraquat and alachlor caused an initial increase in CO2 released and subsequently decreased after 53 days of incubation. Comparatively, more CO2 was released from the soil treated with alachlor than that treated with paraquat. An initial increase in phosphatase activity was observed for both herbicides but the level of activity was substantially reduced after 12 days of incubation. Fungal and bacterial populations in the soil were also affected by both herbicides. At 250 ppm, alachlor and paraquat caused a reduction in bacterial population of 78%and 95% respectively. Alachlor was shown to be more toxic to fungal populations in the soil than paraquat

Nonwood-based composites

Nonwood fibers are derived mostly from fastgrowing plants. For the past few decades, nonwood plant fibers have received much attention, especially for composite material applications, because of their low cost, low density, high specific strength, good mechanical properties, nonabrasiveness, eco-friendliness, and biodegradability. This article reviews the performance of nonwood fibers found mostly in Asia, as well as issues regarding their bonding. Because various classifications of nonwood exist, this article sorts nonwood fibers based on previous classifications with some modifications, accounting for the availability of these fibers in Asia. The mechanical and physical properties of nonwood-based composites such as fiberboard, particleboard, and veneer-based laminated products also are reviewed and discussed. All fibers demonstrate certain advantages over conventional composites, with some having better mechanical and physical properties. This article also highlights the issues and challenges regarding the use of nonwood fibers as composite materials

Properties enhancement of oil palm plywood through veneer pretreatment with low molecular weight phenol-formaldehyde resin

One of the problems dealing with oil palm stem (OPS) plywood is the high veneer surface roughness that results in high resin consumption during the plywood manufacturing. In this study, evaluation was done on the effects of pretreatment of OPS veneers with phenol-formaldehyde resin on the bond integrity and bending strength of OPS plywood. OPS veneers were soaked in low molecular weight phenol-formaldehyde resin (LMW PF) for 20 seconds to obtain certain percentage of resin weight gain. OPS plywoods were produced using two types of lay-ups (100% outer veneer type and 100% inner veneer type) and two urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesive spread amounts (200 g/m2 and 250 g/m2). The results show that pretreating the veneer with LMW PF could reduce the penetration of the adhesive into the fibres during gluing step. UF adhesive spread amount of 200 g/m2 is sufficient to produce good quality OPS plywood. The technique used in this study was able to enhance the mechanical properties of OPS plywood as well as reduce the amount of resin consumption

Properties of resin impregnated oil palm wood (Elaeis Guineensis Jack)

Oil palm wood (OPW) was treated with medium-molecular weight PF resin (mmw-PF) through a modified impregnation-compression method. The method consists of four steps, namely, drying, impregnation, heating, and hot pressing densification. The objective of the study was to optimize the impregnation variables. The overall density of the OPW increased, whereas the density gradient between the two OPW structural elements (namely, parenchyma tissues and vascular bundles) decreased. The weight percent gain (WPG) significantly increased even with a very short impregnation period (i.e. 1 hour). Young`s Modulus of the compression parallel to the grain increased by 15 times (from 170 to 2600 MPa) and the shear strength increased by 7 times (from 1.9 to 13 MPa). The strength of the samples was increased exponentially against density increment. The treatment also made the two OPW structural elements to be strongly bonded that helped in enhancing the durability and machining characteristics of the material

Thermal, physical properties and flammability of silane treated kenaf/ pineapple leaf fibres phenolic hybrid composites

Silane treated pineapple leaf fibre (PALF) and kenaf fibre were analyzed by Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) that indicated the treated hybrid composite showed better thermal stability as compared to untreated hybrid composites. Dynamic mechanical analysis was carried out to evaluate the storage modulus (E′), loss modulus (E″), and tan delta as a function of temperature. Storage modulus of treated hybrid composites displayed highest storage and loss modulus as in comparison of untreated hybrid composites. The peak heights of tan α were highest in treated hybrid composites. Cole-Cole analysis was also carried out to understand the phase behaviour of the composite samples. Thermal mechanical analysis was used to study mechanical stability of hybrid composites in the presence of temperature. The effect of different fibre ratios in hybridization on density, void content, water absorption (WA), thickness swelling (TS) of PALF/KF hybrid composites were also analyzed. Treated hybrid composites were not very affective to improve the flammability of PALF/KF hybrid composites. The overall results showed that treated PALF/KF/phenolic hybrid composites improved the thermal and dynamic mechanical properties over untreated PALF/KF hybrid composites

Isolation of cellulose nanocrystals from Gigantochloa scortechinii ASAM pulp

This study aims to characterize the cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) isolated from alkaline sulfite anthraquinone and methanol (ASAM) bamboo (Gigantochloa scortechinii) pulp. The hydrolysis was carried out using 64% (w/w) sulfuric acid at 45 °C for 45 min. The CNC was subjected to field emission scanning electronic microscopy (FESEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The measurement of diameter for CNC was done by FESEM and TEM, which was in the range of 10–20 nm. The XRD and FTIR results exhibited that bamboo CNC has higher crystallinity index, 78% compared to bleached ASAM bamboo pulp, 60%

Biological durability of injection moulded wood plastic composite boards

The steadily growth of Wood Plastic Composite (WPC) in exterior applications resulted a need to understand their durability. In Malaysia, the durability of WPC is not only affected by mold and decay fungi as biodegradation agents but also due the termites attack. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the durability of WPC produced from different wood fine loadings (60, 65 and 70%) and MAPP (1, 2, 3 and 4%) concentration. The aim of this study is to determine the optimum WPC formulation associate with higher durability against biodegradation agents. Commercial polypropylene, wood fines and coupling agent premixed in dumper mixer for 30 min prior to extrusion process at temperature of 190°C using 110 mm counter-rotating twin-screw extruder. The premixed raw materials were then subjected to injection moulded using 40 ton press moulding machine and pressed into size of 30 mmx30 mm and 3 mm thick board. Biological durability tests were carried out according to ASTM D4445 for mold, ASTM method D 2017 for decay fungi and ASTM D 3345 for termites. From the result, 70% wood fine loading showed significantly lower durability due to the insufficient encapsulation of wood fine with polymer matrix. Higher percentage of coupling agent (MAPP) used in the WPC boards will provide higher durability of WPC. Conclusively, the optimum formulation for WPC i.e., 4% MAPP and 60% wood fine loading gave the highest protection against mold, decay fungi and termites

Properties of three-layer particleboards made from kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) and rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis)

The aim for this study was to evaluate the mechanical and physical performances of three-layer exper�imental particleboards. Rubberwood particles were used in the face layers while kenaf (Hibiscus cannabi�nus L.) particles were used in the middle of the panels of the particleboards. Meanwhile, 100% kenaf stem and 100% kenaf core particles were used for production of single-layer control panels. The results showed that panels with kenaf stem in the middle layer had better performance than the panels with kenaf core in the middle layer. Three-layer particleboards of Type 1 showed significant average increment of mod�ulus of elasticity that was 56% and 79% higher than those of the 100% kenaf stem and 100% kenaf core particleboards, respectively. Adding kenaf stem to the middle layer up to 30% of its composition gave the highest values of modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, and internal bonding and the lowest val�ues of thickness swelling and water absorption. All three-layer panels with kenaf stem in the middle layer met the requirements of the Japanese Industrial Standard JIS A 5908, especially for modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, and internal bonding