5 research outputs found

    Two mathematical approaches to study the phosphorus eutrophication of a wetland in Puerto Rico

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    Introduction: Laguna Cartagena (LC), a wetland in Lajas, Puerto Rico, has been negatively impacted by nutrients, mainly phosphorus run-off from agricultural activities until the end of sugar cane cultivation in the late 1900s.聽 This led to P concentration remain high at hypereutrophic state that was irremediable even after a 5-fold reduction in source water nutrient concentration. Objective: The main goal of this research paper is to apply two different mathematical approaches to assess the eutrophication level of a wetland in Puerto Rico. Method: 聽聽Grey Cluster Method (GCM) was used to classify LC鈥檚 eutrophic state by applying the International and Chinese trophic standards and two parameters, total phosphorous (TP) and total nitrogen (TN).聽 Mean TP and TN from LC consolidated bottom substrate and flocculence samples were used to classify LC.聽 To address whether LC can recover, soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and TP from LC inlet, outlet and center water samples were used to model (differential equation) the input and loss of phosphorus in LC and determine whether an equilibrium point exists.聽 GCM analysis classified LC as a eutrophic wetland using the International standard and hypereutrophic using the Chinese standard. Results:聽 Trophic state classification did not vary with use of consolidated bottom substrate versus flocculence samples. The differential equation model showed that SRP and TP levels within LC were higher than levels of SRP and TP entering LC, which could be caused by a nutrient recycling process within LC that may predict failure of remediation efforts.聽 An equilibrium point was found at the eutrophic level, which means that even if there is a reduction in phosphorus input, there will not be a change in LC鈥檚 eutrophic state. Conclusions: Chinese trophic standard indicated LC was in a hypertrophic state. Similar results were found using the international standard. The differential equation model showed that LC is irreversible

    Geometr铆a herm铆tica generalizada en variedades bandera

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    IP 1102-05-16917La geometr铆a herm铆tica cl谩sica involucra el estudio de una variedad diferencial M dotada de un estructura diferencial llamada estructura casi compleja, la cual es un campo tensorial J de tipo (1,1) la cual satisface j2=-I

    La estructura del 谩lgebra de se帽ales computacional y sus aplicaciones en procesamiento de im谩genes digitales

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    This work starts from the knowledge of the mathematical structure of the signals space used in signal processing and provides the development of a computational theoretical framework of signal algebra for modeling and processing applications using digital images. The mathematical structures were implemented over computational structures using the Java programming language as a tool for the coding of the algorithms. The implemented tool was called JCID (Java Computational Image Developer), which allows for one to implement several of the operators from the signal algebra for one-dimensional and two-dimensional signals, and the creation of new entrants through the composition of the basic operatorsEste trabajo se inicia a partir del conocimiento de la estructura matem谩tica del espacio de se帽ales usado en el procesamiento de se帽ales y provee el desarrollo de un marco te贸rico computacional de 谩lgebra de se帽ales para el modelamiento y procesamiento de aplicaciones usando im谩genes digitales. Las estructuras matem谩ticas fueron implementadas sobre estructuras computacionales usando el lenguaje de programaci贸n Java como una herramienta para la codificaci贸n de los algoritmos. La herramienta implementada fue llamada JCID (Java Computational Image Developer), la cual permite implementar varios de los operadores del algebra de se帽ales para se帽ales de dimensi贸n uno y dimensi贸n dos, y la creaci贸n de nuevas entradas a trav茅s de la composici贸n de los operadores b谩sico

    Two mathematical approaches to study the phosphorus eutrophication of a wetland in Puerto Rico

    No full text
    Introduction: Laguna Cartagena (LC), a wetland in Lajas, Puerto Rico, has been negatively impacted by nutrients, mainly phosphorus run-off from agricultural activities until the end of sugar cane cultivation in the late 1900s.聽 This led to P concentration remain high at hypereutrophic state that was irremediable even after a 5-fold reduction in source water nutrient concentration. Objective: The main goal of this research paper is to apply two different mathematical approaches to assess the eutrophication level of a wetland in Puerto Rico. Method: 聽聽Grey Cluster Method (GCM) was used to classify LC鈥檚 eutrophic state by applying the International and Chinese trophic standards and two parameters, total phosphorous (TP) and total nitrogen (TN).聽 Mean TP and TN from LC consolidated bottom substrate and flocculence samples were used to classify LC.聽 To address whether LC can recover, soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and TP from LC inlet, outlet and center water samples were used to model (differential equation) the input and loss of phosphorus in LC and determine whether an equilibrium point exists.聽 GCM analysis classified LC as a eutrophic wetland using the International standard and hypereutrophic using the Chinese standard. Results:聽 Trophic state classification did not vary with use of consolidated bottom substrate versus flocculence samples. The differential equation model showed that SRP and TP levels within LC were higher than levels of SRP and TP entering LC, which could be caused by a nutrient recycling process within LC that may predict failure of remediation efforts.聽 An equilibrium point was found at the eutrophic level, which means that even if there is a reduction in phosphorus input, there will not be a change in LC鈥檚 eutrophic state. Conclusions: Chinese trophic standard indicated LC was in a hypertrophic state. Similar results were found using the international standard. The differential equation model showed that LC is irreversible.Introducci贸n: Laguna Cartagena (LC), es un humedal en Lajas, Puerto Rico, que ha sido afectado negativamente por nutrientes, principalmente escorrent铆a de f贸sforo de las actividades agr铆colas hasta el final del cultivo de la ca帽a de az煤car a fines del siglo XX. Estas condiciones han propiciado que, la concentraci贸n de P permaneciera alta en un estado hipereutr贸fico, el cual era irremediable incluso despu茅s de una reducci贸n de 5 veces en la concentraci贸n de nutrientes del agua fuente. Objetivo: El objetivo principal de este art铆culo de investigaci贸n es aplicar dos m茅todos matem谩ticos diferentes para evaluar el nivel de eutrofizaci贸n de un humedal en Puerto Rico. Metodolog铆a: El M茅todo de Agrupamiento de Grises (GCM) se us贸 para clasificar el estado eutr贸fico de LC aplicando los est谩ndares tr贸ficos internacional y chino y dos par谩metros, F贸sforo Total (TP) y Nitr贸geno Total (TN). La media de TP y TN en el sustrato del fondo consolidado de LC y las muestras de floculencia se utilizaron para clasificar LC. Para analizar si LC puede recuperarse, se utiliz贸 f贸sforo reactivo soluble (SRP) y TP a partir de muestras de agua a la entrada, salida y centro de LC para modelar (ecuaci贸n diferencial) la entrada y p茅rdida de f贸sforo en LC y determinar si existe un punto de equilibrio. El an谩lisis GCM clasific贸 a la LC como un humedal eutr贸fico utilizando el est谩ndar internacional e hipereutr贸fico utilizando el est谩ndar chino. Resultados: La clasificaci贸n del estado tr贸fico no present贸 variaciones con el uso del sustrato de fondo consolidado versus las muestras de floculencia. El modelo de ecuaciones diferenciales mostr贸 que los niveles de SRP y TP dentro de LC fueron m谩s altos que los niveles de SRP y TP que entran en LC, lo que podr铆a ser causado por un proceso de reciclaje de nutrientes dentro de LC que puede predecir el fracaso de los esfuerzos de remediaci贸n. Se encontr贸 un punto de equilibrio a nivel eutr贸fico, lo que significa que incluso si hay una reducci贸n en la entrada de f贸sforo, no habr谩 un cambio en el estado eutr贸fico de LC. Conclusiones: El est谩ndar tr贸fico chino indic贸 que la LC estaba en un estado hipertr贸fico. Se encontraron resultados similares usando el est谩ndar internacional. El modelo de ecuaciones diferenciales mostr贸 que LC es irreversible
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