Analisis Kesalahan Kalimat pada Karangan Berbahasa Indonesia Mahasiswa di Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeteksi dan mendeskripsikan jenis-jenis kesalahan kalimat yang meliputi:(1) kesalahan diksi, (2) kesalahan frase, (3) kesalahan konjungsi, dan (4) kesalahan preposisi. Manfaat dari penelitian ini adalah: (1) menambah referensi bagi para dosen JNU, (2) sebagai bahan pertimbangan dalam membimbing mahasiswa JNU, dan (3) menambah referensi dan sumber belajar bagi mahasiswa JNU. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif. Sumber data penelitian ini berupa 9 karangan dari mahasiswa Universitas Jawaharlal Nehru New Delhi (JNU), India tahun pelajaran 2012/2013. Data penelitian berupa satuan-satuan ungkapan kalimat yang muncul dalam 9 karangan tersebut. Pengumpulan data menggunakan tes tertulis yaitu mahasiswa diminta membuat karangan dengan pilihan tema yang telah ditentukan dan harus dikerjakan di dalam kelas. Hasil analisis kesalahan kalimat yang telah diuraikan dalam bab sebelumnya menemukan kesalahan diksi, frasa, preposisi dan konjungsi pada karangan yang dibuat oleh mahasiswa Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) New Delhi India semester 1 dan 2 tahun pelajaran 2012/2013. Jumlah kesalahan diksi mencapai 61.8% dari seluruh kesalahan kalimat yang ditentukan, sekaligus sebagai kesalahan yang paling banyak terjadi. Alasan mendasar yang menjadi faktor utama adalah penguasaan kata baku yang kurang sehingga pembelajar mengalami kesulitan dalam memilih diksi yang tepat ataupun bervariasi. Kesalahan kalimat terbesar berikutnya adalah frasa sebanyak 23.6%. Fenomena ini memiliki keterkaitan dengan kemampuan penguasaan kata baku sebagai penyebab utama. Selanjutnya adalah kesalahan konjungsi, yakni sebanyak 10,7%.Hal ini dikarenakan kurangnya pemahaman penguasaan konjungsi. Kesalahan yang paling sedikit adalah kesalahanpreposisi sebanyak 3.9%, yang menunjukkan bahwa tingkat penguasaan preposisi adalah unsur dalam kalimat yang paling mudah dipahami. Dengan demikian, dapat diketahui dan disimpulkan bahwa orientasi yang ditemukan di lapangan selama penelitian ini dilakukan menunjukan, penguasaan kata baku menjadi salah satu faktor kunci penguasaan kalimat. Banyak kesalahan kalimat berkaitan dengan kata baku yang kurang tepat. Untuk mengatasi hal ini sangat disarankan bagi mahasiswa jurusan bahasa Indonesia untuk membangun komunitas dengan mahasiswa dari Indonesia yang sedang belajar di JNU, bila kondisi memungkinkan akan lebih baik berkunjung ke Indonesia selama satu atau dua bulan. Hal ini dapat dilakukan melalui program pertukaran mahasiswa atau program sejenis

Atomistic Mechanism of the Nucleation of Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite from Solution

In the ongoing intense quest to increase the photoconversion efficiencies of lead halide perovskites, it has become evident that optimizing the morphology of the material is essential to achieve high peformance. Despite the fact that nucleation plays a key role in controlling the crystal morphology, very little is known about the nucleation and crystal growth processes. Here, we perform metadynamics simulations of nucleation of methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPI) in order to unravel the atomistic details of perovskite crystallization from a $\gamma$-butyrolactone solution. The metadynamics trajectories show that the nucleation process takes place in several stages. Initially, dense amorphous clusters mainly consisting of lead and iodide appear from the homogeneous solution. These clusters evolve into lead iodide (PbI$_{2}$) like structures. Subsequently, methylammonium (MA$^{+}$) ions diffuse into this PbI$_{2}$-like aggregates triggering the transformation into a perovskite crystal through a solid-solid transformation. Demonstrating the crucial role of the monovalent cations in crystallization, our simulations provide key insights into the evolution of the perovskite microstructure which is essential to make high-quality perovskite based solar cells and optoelectronics

Analysis of a Cone-Based Distributed Topology Control Algorithm for Wireless Multi-hop Networks

The topology of a wireless multi-hop network can be controlled by varying the transmission power at each node. In this paper, we give a detailed analysis of a cone-based distributed topology control algorithm. This algorithm, introduced in [16], does not assume that nodes have GPS information available; rather it depends only on directional information. Roughly speaking, the basic idea of the algorithm is that a node $u$ transmits with the minimum power $p_{u,\alpha}$ required to ensure that in every cone of degree $\alpha$ around $u$, there is some node that $u$ can reach with power $p_{u,\alpha}$. We show that taking $\alpha = 5\pi/6$ is a necessary and sufficient condition to guarantee that network connectivity is preserved. More precisely, if there is a path from $s$ to $t$ when every node communicates at maximum power, then, if $\alpha <= 5\pi/6$, there is still a path in the smallest symmetric graph $G_\alpha$ containing all edges $(u,v)$ such that $u$ can communicate with $v$ using power $p_{u,\alpha}$. On the other hand, if $\alpha > 5\pi/6$, connectivity is not necessarily preserved. We also propose a set of optimizations that further reduce power consumption and prove that they retain network connectivity. Dynamic reconfiguration in the presence of failures and mobility is also discussed. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm and the optimizations.Comment: 10 page

Effect of Binary Fuel Blends on Compression Ignition Engine Characteristics: A Review

Diversified research in alternate sources arises become necessity due to higher consumption of fossil fuels along with their adverse impacts on the environment, even to the point of complete elimination of diesel from compression-ignition (CI) engines. Binary fuel blend (a blend of low and high viscous fuel) is one of the best environmentally friendly alternative in CI engines. Blending of methyl ester with edible and nonedible oils in different volumetric ratios has the potency to give a stable mixture and that can be used as a fuel in diesel engines. The main motive for the blending of two fuels is that the inferior properties of one biofuel remunerate from improved properties of the other fuel considerably improves the physicochemical properties of the blend. The present study provides comprehensive information on the emission and performance characteristics of binary biodiesel-oil fuel blends. Most researchers had suggested optimum blends from their respective studies that support capability for complete elimination of diesel from CI engines. Some researchers have used this binary fuel blend with minor adjustments to the engine parameters. These investigations have provided positive results. The comprehensive review concluded that binary fuel approach has potential to completely eliminate diesel from CI engines

MIMO channel capacity and configuration selection for switched parasitic antennas

MIMO systems offer a significant enhancement of data rate and channel capacity compared to traditional systems. But correlation degrades the system performance and puts a practical limit on the number of antennas that can be squeezed into portable wireless devices. Switched Parasitic Antennas (SPAs) is a possible solution especially where it is difficult to obtain enough signal decorrelation with conventional means. The covariance matrix represents the correlation present in the propagation channel and has significant impact on the MIMO channel capacity. The results of this work demonstrate a significant improvement in the MIMO channel capacity by using SPA with the knowledge of the covariance matrix for all pattern configurations. By employing the ‘Water-Pouring Algorithm’ (WPA) to modify the covariance matrix, the channel capacity is significantly improved as compared to traditional systems which just spread power equally among all the transmit antennas. A Condition Number (CN) is also proposed as a selection metric, to select the optimal pattern configuration for SPAs. CN is a channel quality indicator which represents the Eigen Value Spread (EVS) of the covariance matrix

A phylogenomic gene cluster resource: the Phylogenetically Inferred Groups (PhIGs) database

BACKGROUND: We present here the PhIGs database, a phylogenomic resource for sequenced genomes. Although many methods exist for clustering gene families, very few attempt to create truly orthologous clusters sharing descent from a single ancestral gene across a range of evolutionary depths. Although these non-phylogenetic gene family clusters have been used broadly for gene annotation, errors are known to be introduced by the artifactual association of slowly evolving paralogs and lack of annotation for those more rapidly evolving. A full phylogenetic framework is necessary for accurate inference of function and for many studies that address pattern and mechanism of the evolution of the genome. The automated generation of evolutionary gene clusters, creation of gene trees, determination of orthology and paralogy relationships, and the correlation of this information with gene annotations, expression information, and genomic context is an important resource to the scientific community. DISCUSSION: The PhIGs database currently contains 23 completely sequenced genomes of fungi and metazoans, containing 409,653 genes that have been grouped into 42,645 gene clusters. Each gene cluster is built such that the gene sequence distances are consistent with the known organismal relationships and in so doing, maximizing the likelihood for the clusters to represent truly orthologous genes. The PhIGs website contains tools that allow the study of genes within their phylogenetic framework through keyword searches on annotations, such as GO and InterPro assignments, and sequence similarity searches by BLAST and HMM. In addition to displaying the evolutionary relationships of the genes in each cluster, the website also allows users to view the relative physical positions of homologous genes in specified sets of genomes. SUMMARY: Accurate analyses of genes and genomes can only be done within their full phylogenetic context. The PhIGs database and corresponding website address this problem for the scientific community. Our goal is to expand the content as more genomes are sequenced and use this framework to incorporate more analyses

CFD Modeling of Hydrodynamics of Fluidized Bed

The objective of this project is to simulate a gas-solid fluidized by applying CFD techniques in order to investigate hydrodynamics and heat transfer phenomena. Reactor model predictions will be compared with the corresponding experimental data reported in the literature to validate the model . To simulate a gas-solid fluidized bed we need to use the multiphase flow approach . First we have to write the equations for the different flow regimes and then different CFD techniques are applied for discretization of those equations. After that a code is written for calculating the values of volume fraction , velocity and temperature

Post-Transcriptional Silencing of Flavonol Synthase mRNA in Tobacco Leads to Fruits with Arrested Seed Set

Flavonoids are synthesized by phenylpropanoid pathway. They are known to participate in large number of physiological and biochemical processes in plants. Parthenocarpy and male sterility has earlier been reported by silencing chalcone synthase (CHS) encoding gene. Silencing of CHS has blocked the synthesis of most of useful flavonoids including flavan-3-ols and flavonols. Also, these studies could not identify whether parthenocarpy/male sterility were due to lack of flavan-3-ols or flavonols or both. Flavonol synthase (FLS) is an important enzyme of flavonoid pathway that catalyzes the formation of flavonols. In this article, we propose a novel strategy towards the generation of seedless or less-seeded fruits by downregulation of flavonol biosynthesis in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv Xanthi) through post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) of FLS encoding mRNA. The FLS silenced lines were observed for 20-80% reduction in FLS encoding gene expression and 25–93% reduction in flavonol (quercetin) content. Interestingly, these FLS silenced tobacco lines also showed reduction in their anthocyanidins content. While the content of flavan-3-ols (catechin, epi-catechin and epi-gallocatechin) was found to be increased in FLS silenced lines. The delayed flowering in FLS silenced lines could be due to decrease in level of indole acetic acid (IAA) at apical region of their shoots. Furthermore, the pollen germination was hampered and pollens were unable to produce functional pollen tube in FLS silenced tobacco lines. Pods of FLS silenced lines contained significantly less number of seeds. The in vitro and in vivo studies where 1 µM quercetin was supplied to germination media, documented the restoration of normal pollen germination and pollen tube growth. This finding identified the role of flavonols particularly quercetin in pollen germination as well as in the regulation of plant fertility. Results also suggest a novel approach towards generation of seedless/less-seeded fruits via PTGS of FLS encoding gene in plants