Much in Little: The Umbrella Clause that Changes the International Investment Protection Standard

The umbrella clause of a Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) establishes an obligation for the State parties to respect all commitments entered into by an investment contract between an investor and the host country. It extends the jurisdiction of a BIT forum to the breach-of-contracts matters and changes the nature of a private issue to an international affair. The polemic over the clause's interpretation has become a controversial issue over the years. It comes as a backlash for the Contracting States as a foreign investor could quickly bring an investment problem to an international forum. After more than a decade since its first discussion in the case of SGS v Pakistan, the clause grows to be one of the reasons for many countries to leave or reform their BIT model and changes the trend of international investment protection standard. This article addresses the different episodes of the umbrella clause alongside over the past decade. It projects the debate over the clause’s scope, its development, the governments' action, and their perception over it, and finally, how it changes the standard of investment protection in international treaties

Tort Claim under the Ship Time Charter: The Perspective of Indonesian Law

During a cargo carriage by sea under the time charter scheme, there can be a situation where the Ship-owner of the vessel does not have a contractual relationship with the cargo owner. This situation could happen when the charterer becomes the contractual carrier under the bill of lading instead of the Ship-owner. In that given scenario, if cargo damage occurs, the cargo owner can submit a tort claim against the Ship-owner. Indonesia never ratifies an international convention in the field of carriage of goods by sea. Suppose the given scenario happens without the incorporation of the Charter party or the provision of any international convention into the bill of lading, a tort claim will become a choice for the cargo owner to ask the Ship-owner's liability. It is the purpose of this article to analyze how Indonesian laws will examine a tort claim and how the Ship-owner will construe his defense in the field of carriage of goods by sea. The writing finds that Indonesia Commercial Code provides a legal basis for a cargo owner's tort claim against the Ship-owner. However, it needs further discussion to set the relationship status among the Ship-owner, the time-charterer/contractual carrier, and the cargo owner under Indonesian laws and regulations

Meta-Analysis Effects of Diabetes Mellitus on Mortality in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure

Background: Patients with diabetes mellitus have a higher risk of developing heart failure. Heart failure patients with diabetes mellitus will experience further health problems that are worse than heart failure patients without diabetes mellitus. This study was aimed to analyze the effect of diabetes on mortality in heart failure patients using a meta-analysis. Subjects and Method: This was a meta-analysis study using PRISMA flowchart guidelines. The PICO model used was Population= patients with chronic heart failure. Intervention= with diabetes mellitus. Comparison= not with diabetes mellitus. Outcome= mortality. The article search process was carried out between 2012 and 2021 using online databases from PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar. The keywords used in the article search were “Chronic Heart Failure” AND “Diabetes” AND “Mortality”. The inclusion criteria used in this study were full-text articles using a cohort study design, the research subjects were chronic heart failure patients, the study outcome was mortality, multivariate analysis with adjusted Hazard Ratio (aHR). The analysis was carried out using RevMan 5.3 software. Results: A total of 9 articles reviewed in the meta-analysis showed that diabetes mellitus increased the risk of mortality in patients with chronic heart failure 1.24 times compared with patients without diabetes mellitus (aHR= 1.24; 95%CI= 1.15 to 1.34; p< 0.001). Conclusion: Diabetes mellitus increases mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. Keywords: chronic heart failure, diabetes mellitus, mortality Correspondence: Yeocelin Mega Pratiwi. Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada. Jl. Sekip Utara, Senolowo, Sinduadi, Sleman, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta 55281. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: +6282137652605

Systematic Review: Affecting Behaviour of Hygiene and Health Care of the Eldery

Background: The Elderly is an age group that has decreased organ function which is susceptible to various diseases. The elderly also experience physical decline which can affect personal hygiene and health care behavior. Objective: To determine the factors that affect the personal hygiene and health care of the elderly. Method: Personal hygiene referred to in this study was hygiene to care for the whole body including skin, feet, teeth, nails, and hair. This study was a systematic review of studies with primary data related to factors affecting personal hygiene and health care for the elderly. The study was conducted on 35 international journals. Results: Personal hygiene of the elderly are feet. Factors that influence their hygiene on demographic factors include residence, education, source of income, gender, age, and knowledge. Factors affecting elderly hygiene on personal characteristic factors include need assistance, perceived benefits, disease, frequency of cleansing, self-efficacy, physical change, degree of independence, mobility, and self-motivation. Factors affecting them on facilities and infrastructure factors supporters include equipment, care services facilities, equipment, distance to care service facilities, social support, and practical conditions. Factors affecting on healthy program factors include training, education caregiver, motivation caregiver, health promotion, health information seeking, satisfaction, informal care, behavioral programs, utilization, and functional health literacy. Conclusion: Factors affecting personal hygiene and health care for the elderly include demographics, characteristics of the elderly, supporting facilities, and infrastructure and health programs. Dominant factor affecting personal hygiene and health care for elderly are educational, residence, and income source

PEMODELAN BESAR KLAIM ASURANSI MENGGUNAKAN MODEL EXPONENTIAL AUTOREGRESSIVE CONDITIONAL AMOUNT (EACA)

Perusahaan asuransi memerlukan informasi untuk mengetahui besar klaim asuransi yang akan ditanggung pada masa yang akan datang. Melakukan prediksi besar klaim dapat menjadi salah satu alternatif untuk mengetahui hal tersebut. Metode yang sering digunakan untuk prediksi biasnya menggunakan metode time series (deret waktu). Dalam penelitian ini membahas tentang memodelkan data besar klaim asuransi menggunakan model Exponential Autoregressive Conditional Amount (EACA). Model yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu EACA (1,1) berdasarkan cut off nilai ACF dan PACF. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian penelitian ini, diperoleh nilai estimasi parameter pada model EACA (1,1) menggunakan metode Maximum Likelihood Estimator (MLE). Nilai error dari hasil prediksi model EACA (1,1) dihitung menggunakan metode Root Mean Square (RMSE). Nilai RMSE dari hasil prediksi data besar klaim asuransi yaitu 1.453 × ?10?^6 dengan nilai mean (rata-rata) dari data pengamatan sebesar 1.106 × ?10?^6. Kata Kunci: asuransi, distribusi eksponensial, EACA, prediksi, MLE, RMSE

SISTEM PENYIRAMAN DAN PENGUSIR HAMA OTOMATIS PADA DAUN MINT BERBASIS MIKROKONTROLER ARDUINO UNO

Water requirements for mint / peppermint leaves are important so that mint / peppermint leaves grow and multiply well. Not only that, mint leaf protection from pests / insects is also important so that mint / peppermint leaves can live and have perfect leaf quality until harvest time. But in practice, humans are often negligent in watering and protecting pests on plants. To overcome these problems, mint / peppermint watering and automatic pest control use an arduino uno microcontroller as one solution. Automatic watering uses RTC as a schedule for minting and PIR sensors for detecting the movement of pests / insects approaching the mint leaves. The purpose of making this tool is to design hardware, software, and to find out the performance of an arduino uno microcontroller-based automatic watering pest control system.           The making of this tool is based on arduino uno microcontoler combined with RTC (Real Time Clock) sensor and PIR (Passive Infrared) sensor. Here Arduino Uno as the main microcontroller, relay as a pump and fan switch, RTC as a regulator of mint leaves watering schedule, and PIR sensor to detect any movement of pests / insects that approach the mint leaves. Based on the results of the tests carried out, the automatic pest control and sprinkler system on the arduino uno microcontroller-based mint leaves has been successful. All programs run well according to the previous plan. And for the performance of mint leaves as a whole is in accordance with the established functions. For further research watering and repelling pests on mint leaves can automatically be added to the temperature sensor for use during the rainy season. Because in this study the tool is only used during the dry season.Kebutuhan air bagi daun mint / peppermint merupakan hal yang penting agar daun mint / peppermint tumbuh dan berkembangbiak dengan baik. Tidak hanya itu, perlindungan daun mint dari hama / serangga juga penting agar daun mint / peppermint dapat hidup dan memiliki kualitas daun yang sempurna hingga masa panen. Namun dalam masa praktiknya manusia sering lalai dalam melakukan penyiraman air dan proteksi hama pada tanaman. Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut penyiraman daun mint / peppermint dan pengusir hama otomatis menggunakan mikrokontroler arduino uno sebagai salah satu solusinya. Penyiraman otomatis menggunakan RTC sebagai penentuan jadwal penyiraman daun mint dan sensor PIR sebagai pendeteksi adanya gerakan hama / serangga yang mendekat pada daun mint. Tujuan pembuatan alat ini adalah rancang bangun hardware, software, serta mengetahui unjuk kerja sistem penyiraman dan pengusir hama otomaatis berbasis mikrokontroler arduino uno.  Pembuatan alat ini berbasis mikrokontoler arduino uno yang dikombinasikan dengan sensor RTC (Real Time Clock) dan sensor PIR (Passive Infrared). Disini arduino uno sebagai mikrokontroler utama, relay sebagai saklar pompa dan kipas, RTC sebagai pengatur jadwal penyiraman daun mint, dan sensor PIR untuk mendeteksi adanya gerakan hama / serangga yang mendekati daun mint. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian yang dilakukan, sistem penyiraman dan pengusir hama otomatis pada daun mint berbasis mikrokontroler arduino uno sudah berhasil. Semua program berjalan dengan baik sesuai dengan rencana sebelumnya. Dan untuk unjuk kerja pada daun mint secara keseluruhan telah sesuai dengan fungsi yang telah ditetapkan. Untuk penelitian selanjutnya penyiraman dan pengusir hama pada daun mint secara otomatis bisa ditambah sensor suhu untuk digunakan pada saat musim hujan. Karena pada penelitian ini alat hanya digunakan pada saat musim kemarau

Penile Ulcer Caused by Lintah Oil Injection

Background: Lintah oil that was injected for genital augmentation, can cause penile ulcer, which is also one of the ulcer that occur due to ‘self-inflicted’. It could occur in nodul or abscess formation, and undergoes ulceration. It can cause psychological stress to affected patient, so that a proper diagnosis is expected to support well management. Purpose: To describe the clinical manifestation, laboratory examination, and management of penile ulcer caused by lintah oil injection. Case: A 58-year-old male presented a single deep wound on his shaft penis, with diameter ± 2 x 5 cm, undermined, ragged edges, containing pus and easily to bleed, occured about 6 months after the injection of lintah oil, which was used for his genitalia enlargement and performed by untrained person. There were complaints about redness skin and swelling on his shaft penis about 3 months after the injection, which then underwent  fester with the sense of burning sensation and painful.  Discussion: Blood examination indicated a slightly increase of leukocyte. Pus culture and sensitivity test were performed, while waiting for the result, patient was given cotrimoxazole tablet 480 mg twice daily for seven days. Another examination result were within normal limit. Treatment consisted of oral antibiotic for seven days, and for the wound dressing has given NaCl 0.9% as the wet dressing and covered with framycetin sulfate 1% gauze. Conclusion: Diagnosis of penile ulcer caused by lintah oil injection was established by patient’s history and physical examination. Therapy was given based on culture result. Lesion was healed after 1 month of treatment. Education not to repeat the injection was given to the patient to prevent the recurrence of this condition

HUBUNGAN INTENSITAS PENGGUNAAN MEDIA SOSIAL DENGAN KEJADIAN DEPRESI PADA MAHASISWA FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN DI MASA PANDEMI

Pandemi COVID-19 telah menjadi periode pergolakan bagi mahasiswa kedokteran. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menilai adakah hubungan yang terkait dengan peningkatan penggunaan media sosial dengan kejadian depresi pada mahasiswa kedokteran Universitas Jenderal Soedirman yang terkena dampak wabah COVID-19. Studi menggunakan desain penelitian observasional analitik dan metode cross-sectional. Data diperoleh dari mahasiswa kedokteran. Data yang diperiksa adalah skor tes BDI dan skor SONTUS. Penulis menggunakan metode simple random sampling. Total ada 90 sampel. Uji korelasi chi-square digunakan untuk melihat korelasi antara jenis kelamin dan intensitas penggunaan media sosial, sedangkan uji korelasi Spearman digunakan untuk melihat korelasi antara Indeks Prestasi Kumulatif, intensitas penggunaan media sosial dan tingkat depresi. Sebagian besar mahasiswa terbukti memiliki tingkat depresi yang rendah (45,50%) dengan intensitas penggunaan media sosial yang rendah (50,00%). Data Spearman menunjukkan tidak ada korelasi yang signifikan antara Indeks Prestasi Kumulatif, intensitas penggunaan media sosial dan depresi. Ada korelasi antara jenis kelamin dan penggunaan media sosial sedangkan tidak ada korelasi yang signifikan antara Indeks Prestasi Kumulatif, intensitas penggunaan media sosial dan depresi pada mahasiswa kedokteran Universitas Jenderal Soedirman pada saat pandemi.   Kata Kunci: COVID-19, depresi, mahasiswa kedokteran, media sosia

Association study of LMP-1expression and promoter methylation status of tumor suppressor gene RASSF1A in nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a cancer originating from nasopharyngeal epithelial tissue. Genetic susceptibility, exposure to carcinogens, and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection are the main factors in NPC development. Latent membrane protein 1 (LMP-1) is a product of EBVgenome, which is able to interact with various intracellular signaling pathways that leads to expression of many proteins, e.g DNA methyltransferase. The increase expression of DNA methyltransferase could induce hypermetylation of tumor suppressor genes (TSG). Ras-association domain family 1A (RASSF1A) is one of TSG that frequently hypermethylated in NPC cases. The aim of this study is to determine the association between LMP-1 expression and promoter methylation status of RASSF1A in NPC patients. The research subjects were 36 NPC patients of the Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Latent membrane protein 1 was stained immunohistochemically using monoclonal antibody OT21 C. Ras-association domain family 1A methylation status was examined by methylation specific PCR (MSP) of DNA isolated from nasopharyngeal brushing. Chi-square analysis was conducted to examine the association between LMP-1 expression and methylation status of RASSF1A with 95% confidence interval. Latent membrane protein 1 was expressed in 44.4% subjects. The scores of ~MP-1 expression were ranged from 0-8 (average of 1.56 :t 2.16). Ras-association domain family 1A methylated in 66.7% of subjects. Statistical analysis showed that there was a relationship between LMP-1 expression and methylation status of RASSF1A (

Tinjauan Yuridis Pendirian Perseroan Terbatas Perorangan Oleh Usaha Mikro Kecil Berdasarkan Undang-Undang No 11 Tahun 2020 Tentang Cipta Kerja

Small Enterprises are growing rapidly in Indonesia, and play an important role in economic development in Indonesia. The emergence of Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation has contributed to the ease of establishing a limited liability company for Small Enterprises. It supports the development of Small Enterprises, with the Job Creation Law the establishment of a company no longer requires a notary deed but can be registered easily on the official website of the Directorate General of  Administration Of General Laws. The author wants to see how the establishment of a limited liability company by Small Enterprises is based on the Job Creation Law and see the differences in the procedure for independent establishment and establishment using a notarial deed. The benefit of this research is that to contributes to legal thinking and becomes a reference that related to the topic. The research method used is normative juridical, with a conceptual and statutory approach, secondary data collection, qualitative data types, with library study data collection techniques to be analyzed using descriptive analysis techniques. The results of the author's research on establishment by Small Enterprises are carried out on the website of the Directorate General of Administration Of General Laws and can be established by one person aged at least 17 years and fulfills the requirements in the form, which later if received will get a legal entity establishment certificate. The difference between those established with a notary is that the process of establishment with a notary deed is longer and has a deed of establishment, ownership by Small Enterprises as sole ownership, the legal basis on which Small Enterprises is based refers to the Job Creation Law while with a notary deed it is more Limited Liability Company Law