La atención plena en el malestar psicológico: relación entre la aceptación de la experiencia interna y la ansiedad en estudiantes pregraduados

The high prevalence and incidence of problems related to anxiety in the population have made it one of the main indicators of psychological ill-being (Guillén-Riquelme and Buela-Casal, 2011). Numerous researchers are studying its treatment by the use of therapeutic techniques of third generation based on mindfulness because it has become a practice of ascending use in the clinical exercise and the development of psychological health (Ford, Lam, John, and Mauss, 2017). The evidences in this regard show that there could be a tendency to publish only those investigations that report positive effects, which could be causing an exaggeration of reality (Coronado-Montoya et al., 2016). The present research has two objectives: (1) know the statistical relationship between the factors of Mindfulness (Observation, Description, Acting with awarenesse, Non-judging, and Non-reactivity) and anxiety (state and trait); and (2) check the explanatory capacity of these factors on both types of anxiety. A sample of 53 undergraduated students (third and fourth degree) from the University of Cádiz was used. They voluntarily completed the following questionnaires: Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (Aguado et al., 2015) and State Trait Anxiety Inventory (Buela-Casal, Guillén- Riquelme, and Seidedos, 2011). The bivariate correlation analysis performed showed that only the Non judging, Acting with awareness and Non-reactivity factors, correlated negatively and statistically significant with both types of anxiety. These factors were able to explain the change in the variance of state anxiety in 57.8% (R2 = .578), and in 62.7% in trait anxiety (R2 = .627). The factors Non judging (Beta = -.508) and Acting with awareness (Beta = -.346), were statistically significant when explaining levels of trait anxiety. However, only Non judging (Beta = -.693) remained as significant factor in anxiety state. In conclusion, the promotion of accepting nonevaluative attitude before the internal experience would seek an improvement in the levels of both types of anxiety and, in addition, paying full attention to the activities during its realization would suppose a decrease in the trait anxiety.La alta prevalencia e incidencia de problemas relacionados con la ansiedad en la población la han convertido en uno de los principales indicadores del malestar psicológico (Guillén-Riquelme y Buela-Casal, 2011). Su tratamiento mediante el uso de técnicas terapéuticas de tercera generación basadas en Atención plena está siendo estudiado por numerosos investigadores por haberse convertido en una práctica de uso ascendente en el ejercicio clínico y el desarrollo de la salud psicológica (Ford, Lam, John, y Mauss, 2017). Las evidencias al respecto muestran que podría existir una tendencia a publicar únicamente aquellas investigaciones que informan de efectos positivos, lo que podría estar provocando una exageración de la realidad (Coronado-Montoya et al., 2016). La presente investigación tiene dos objetivos: (1) conocer la relación estadística existente entre los  actores de la Atención plena (Observación, Descripción, Actuar con conciencia, No juzgar y No reactividad) y la ansiedad (estado y rasgo); y (2) comprobar la capacidad explicativa de estos factores sobre ambos tipos de ansiedad. Se utilizó una muestra de 53 estudiantes pregraduados (tercero y cuarto de carrera) de la Universidad de Cádiz que realizaron voluntariamente y de forma telemática los siguientes cuestionarios: Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (Aguado et al., 2015) y State Trait Anxiety Inventory (Spielberger, Gorsuch, Lushene, y Cubero, 2011). El análisis de correlación bivariada realizado mostró que sólo los factores No juzgar, Actuar con conciencia, y No reactividad correlacionaban de forma negativa y estadísticamente significativa con ambos tipos de ansiedad.Dichos factores lograron explicar el cambio en la varianza de la ansiedad estado en un 57.8% (R2 = .578), y en un 62.7% en la ansiedad rasgo (R2 = .627). Los factores No juzgar (Beta = -.508) y Actuar con conciencia (Beta = -.346) resultaron estadísticamente significativos a la hora de explicar los niveles de la ansiedad rasgo. Sin embargo, únicamente No juzgar (Beta= -.693) se mantuvo como factor significativo en la ansiedad estado. Como conclusión, la promoción de una actitud de  aceptación sin valoraciones ante la experiencia interna procuraría una mejora en los niveles de ambos tipos de ansiedad y, además, prestar plena atención a las actividades durante su realización supondría un descenso en la ansiedad rasgo

What Do You Want to Eat? Influence of Menu Description and Design on Consumer's Mind: An fMRI Study

The main objective of this research was to analyse the active regions when processing dishes with a pleasant (vs. unpleasant) design and the effect of the previously read rational (vs. emotional) description when visualising the dish. The functional magnetic resonance image technique was used for the study. The results showed that participants who visualised pleasant vs. unpleasant dishes became active in several domains (e.g., attention, cognition and reward). On the other side, visualisation of unpleasant dishes activated stronger regions linked to inhibition, rejection, and related ambiguity. We found that subjects who read rational descriptions when visualising pleasant dishes activated regions related to congruence integration, while subjects who visualised emotional descriptions showed an increased neuronal response to pleasant dishes in the regions related to memory, emotion and congruence.This study was supported by the Andalusian R+D+I Research Programme (Grant No: B-SEJ209-UGR18, "Research in NeuroSOCOM"project). Project Programme of the University of Cadiz (Grant No: PR2017-039) and the Institute of Research and Development Social and Sustainability (INDESS)

Perception of the Attributes of Sherry Wine and Its Consumption in Young People in the South of Spain

The wine with the designation of origin "Jerez-Xerez-Sherry" is one of the most produced in Spain and with a greater volume of exports abroad. This study analyzes the preferences of Sherry Wine and its different varieties, based on gender and knowledge and interest in the world of wine. Similarly, the influence of the attributes of Sherry Wine on its choice and consumption is investigated. For this purpose, 1502 participants (1407 wine consumers) were recruited; among the consumers, 58.5% are women, and 74.3% have little knowledge of wine (Mean age 22.6; SD = 3.07; range 18-30). Data collection was done through an online survey. The results reveal that among the types of wines from Sherry, the Fino and the Manzanilla are the most chosen. The young people who have the highest consumption of wine are those who have the most prior knowledge of wine. Also, these young people attribute their choice of wine to intrinsic factors, and even women and connoisseurs are more important in this type of dimension. But the importance of the attributes differs according to the types of wines (Fino/Cream-flavor, Palo Cortado/Pedro Ximenez-color, Amontillado/Manzanilla-price and Oloroso-prizes). These findings will allow establishing measures for their promotion, as well as for the design and specific sales strategies for each type of wine

Attributed Contribution of Therapist's Emotional Variables to Psychotherapeutic Effectiveness: A Preliminary Study

Background: The aim of this manuscript is to analyze the degrees of responsibility for healing that psychotherapists attribute to a set of emotional variables of the therapist involved in the therapeutic process. Such variables, framed within the well-known common factors in psychotherapy, have been proven to be essential in making the therapeutic process effective, as has been shown by research in psychotherapy in recent decades. Materials and Methods: Based on an extensive literature review, the responses from a sample of 69 psychotherapists to a tool created ad hoc are analyzed to verify whether their attributions are in line with the results of said review. Results: The therapists have doubts about the factors responsible for psychotherapeutic effectiveness, as well as about the value of common variables, including those of an emotional nature, not valuing them above those of a specific type. They also argue against the similar effectiveness of different psychotherapeutic models. Conclusion: Discrepancies have thus been found between the conclusions reached by research on therapeutic processes and the statements made by the therapists studied, which could indicate an insufficient impact of psychotherapeutic research on clinical practice. We also propose courses of action such as establishing training programs for the acquisition and development of emotional skills for therapists that could increase the effectiveness of their interventions

Do You See It Clearly? The Effect of Packaging and Label Format on Google Ads

The nature of e-commerce prevents the perception of the intrinsic and sensory attributes of wine. In the virtual environment, visual cues allow consumers to perceive the product, determine their attitude and form a preference. Users will choose one product or another based on the visual appeal of the advertisements they have seen. Wine marketers must consider the importance of the advertisement elements and attract the consumer's attention. Optimizing the elements included in these messages can help capture consumers' attention and achieve a higher click-through rate on the ads. The main objective of this work is to analyse the awareness that different advertisements achieve. Specifically, we use a 2 x 2 x 2 experimental design where we manipulate the packaging format (single bottle vs. pack), labelling (bottle without label vs. labelled bottle) for wine ads (white and red). To analyse attention, we used an eye-tracking methodology. The main results suggest that attention is captured more quickly with an individual bottle without a label than with a particular bottle with a label in Google ads. However, ads showing packs of bottles with labels get more attention than ads using packs of bottles without labels.The University of Cadiz funded this Research, grant number PR2017-039 of Plan Propio Project and was supported by the Institute of Research and Development Social and Sustainability (INDESS)

Development and Validation of the Psychotherapeutic Effectiveness Attribution Questionnaire (PEAQ-12) in a Spanish Population

In recent decades, the study of psychotherapy effectiveness has been one of the pillars of clinical research because of its implication for therapeutic cure. However, although many studies have focused their interest on the patient's perception, there are no instruments oriented to the study of psychotherapists' attributions of effectiveness: to what factors psychotherapists attribute responsibility for the cure of the therapies they provide. The present study aimed to develop and validate an instrument for assessing the attribution of the effectiveness of psychotherapy in a population of 69 psychotherapists of different theoretical orientations. After an initial process of inter-judge content validation, 12 items were selected for validation in the targeted population, adequately fulfilling the quality requirements in the validity-reliability tests, and grouped into four factors after principal component analysis. These factors were as follows: (1) therapeutic alliance enhancers; (2) psychotherapist emotional characteristics; (3) therapy-specific variables; and (4) facilitators of patient engagement with therapy. This four-factor structure also showed a good fit for the fit indices checked in confirmatory factor analysis. In summary, we can conclude that the Psychotherapeutic Effectiveness Attribution Questionnaire (PEAQ-12) developed in our research can be helpful if tested on a larger number of individuals. The results can be replicated in other populations of psychotherapist

The effect of the wine tourism experience

The international promotion of wine routes is leading to a growing demand for wine tourism activities. More and more tourists are choosing wine tourism as an option when planning their trips. Although the data are encouraging, little is known about the effect that these tourist activities have on wine consumers. This paper shows the effect of the wine tourism experience on a group of consumers. Through an analysis of variance, the results show that by increasing the wine tourism experience, consumers improve their attitudes towards wine, their evaluation of extrinsic and intrinsic attributes and their loyalty towards different wines. In addition, segmentation according to the level of wine tourism experience can help wine marketers to understand their potential audience and market orientatio

Atención plena: la relación entre la aceptación de las emociones y la satisfacción con la vida en estudiantes pregraduados

The high prevalence and incidence of problems related to anxiety in the population have made it one of the main indicators of psychological ill-being (Guillén-Riquelme and Buela-Casal, 2011). Numerous researchers are studying its treatment by the use of therapeutic techniques of third generation based on mindfulness because it has become a practice of ascending use in the clinical exercise and the development of psychological health (Ford, Lam, John, and Mauss, 2017). The evidences in this regard show that there could be a tendency to publish only those investigations that report positive effects, which could be causing an exaggeration of reality (Coronado-Montoya et al., 2016). The present research has two objectives: (1) know the statistical relationship between the factors of Mindfulness (Observation, Description, Acting with awarenesse, Non-judging, and Non-reactivity) and anxiety (state and trait); and (2) check the explanatory capacity of these factors on both types of anxiety. A sample of 53 undergraduated students (third and fourth degree) from the University of Cádiz was used. They voluntarily completed the following questionnaires: Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (Aguado et al., 2015) and State Trait Anxiety Inventory (Buela-Casal, GuillénRiquelme, and Seidedos, 2011). The bivariate correlation analysis performed showed that only the Non judging, Acting with awareness and Non-reactivity factors, correlated negatively and statistically significant with both types of anxiety. These factors were able to explain the change in the variance of state anxiety in 57.8% (R2 = .578), and in 62.7% in trait anxiety (R2 = .627). The factors Non judging (Beta = -.508) and Acting with awareness (Beta = -.346), were statistically significant when explaining levels of trait anxiety. However, only Non judging (Beta = -.693) remained as significant factor in anxiety state. In conclusion, the promotion of accepting nonevaluative attitude before the internal experience would seek an improvement in the levels of both types of anxiety and, in addition, paying full attention to the activities during its realization would suppose a decrease in the trait anxietyEl uso de las Terapias de Tercera Generación se ha intensificado en todos los ámbitos de la psicología relacionados con la salud. La Atención plena (Mindfulness) se ha postulado como una de las principales opciones elegidas de entre los profesionales, volviéndose una práctica de uso ascendente en el ejercicio clínico y el desarrollo de una buena salud psicológica (Ford, Lam, John, y Mauss, 2017). La satisfacción con la vida es uno de los componentes de la salud psicológica más relacionados con estas terapias. El presente estudio tiene como objetivos: 1. Examinar la posible relación entre los cinco factores de la Atención plena (Observación, Descripción, Actuar con conciencia, No juzgar y No reactividad) y la satisfacción con la vida. 2. Conocer la capacidad predictiva y explicativa de dichos factores respecto a la satisfacción con la vida. Se utilizó para ello una muestra de 53 estudiantes pregraduados (tercero y cuarto de carrera) de la Universidad de Cádiz que realizaron voluntariamente y a los que se les administró de forma telemática los cuestionarios: Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (Aguado et al., 2015) y Satisfaction with Life Scale (Atienza, Pons y Balaguer, 2000). Los análisis de correlaciones bivariadas realizados mostraron que sólo los factores de la atención plena No juzgar y Actuar con conciencia, relacionaban de forma positiva y estadísticamente significativa con la satisfacción con la vida. El resultado del análisis de regresión simple efectuado reveló que ambos factores explicaban casi un 24 % de la varianza de la satisfacción con la vida (R cuadrado= 0,238), si bien solo el factor No Juzgar (aceptación de la experiencia internas y las emociones) mostró una capacidad predictiva positiva estadísticamente significativa (= 0,394). Ello nos aporta evidencia de que podemos incrementar la satisfacción con la vida del alumnado pregraduado a partir del desarrollo de su capacidad de aceptar las experiencias internas y las emociones

Ejercicio físico y calidad de vida en estudiantes universitarios

The recommendation of physical exercise as a strategy for prevention and promotion of health has been established in both the health and psychological areas. Despite the increased flow of research in recent years, the need to increase the empirical support of the relationships between physical activity and quality of life is well known. In favor of this need, this study aims to: 1. Clarify if there are different typologies between those who perform physical exercise and those who do not. 2. Delimit more specific typologies according to the frequency of realization from a gender perspective. To do this, a battery of questionnaires focused on quality of life indicators: depression, state anxiety (A-State), trait anxiety (A-Trait), personal satisfaction and satisfaction with life were administered to a sample of 153 university students. By means of the biphasic cluster analysis, we obtain 2 typologies among the students that perform some physical activity and those students who do not perform any physical exercise, the first responding to a better score in the previously mentioned indicators. Deepening the frequency, and taking into account the gender of individuals who exercise; we have differentiated 4 typologies, 2 composed mainly by men who behave as expected, responding to a better quality of life the category that performs a higher frequency of exercise a week; and 2 others composed of women who present differences that are not defined so pronounced and some variables are not related according to expectations. This fact underscores the need for more thorough investigation. We encourage research to develop physical activity programs aimed at improving the quality of life in different populations.La recomendación del ejercicio físico como estrategia de prevención y promoción de la salud se ha establecido tanto en el ámbito sanitario como en el psicológico. A pesar del aumento del flujo de investigación en los últimos años, se es consciente de la necesidad de incrementar el respaldo empírico de las relaciones entre la actividad física y la calidad de vida. En favor de esta necesidad, este estudio se plantea como objetivos: 1. Clarificar si existen diferentes tipologías entre quienes realizan ejercicio físico y los que no. 2. Delimitar tipologías más específicas atendiendo a la frecuencia de realización desde una perspectiva de género. Para ello, se administró una batería de cuestionarios centrados los indicadores de calidad de vida: depresión, ansiedad estado, ansiedad rasgo, satisfacción personal y satisfacción con la vida a una muestra de 153 estudiantes universitarios. Mediante el análisis clúster biétapico, obtenemos 2 conglomerados entre los estudiantes que realizan alguna actividad física y aquellos estudiantes que no realizan ningún ejercicio físico, respondiendo los primeros a unas mejores puntuaciones en los indicadores anteriormente nombrados. Profundizando en la frecuencia, y teniendo en cuenta el género de los individuos que practican ejercicio, hemos diferenciado 4 conglomerados, 2 compuestos principalmente por hombres que se comportan como cabría esperar, respondiendo a una mejor calidad de vida el conglomerado que realiza una mayor frecuencia de ejercicio a la semana; y otras 2 compuestos por mujeres las cuales presentan diferencias que no se definen de forma tan pronunciada y algunas variables no se relacionan conforme a las expectativas. Este hecho remarca la necesidad de una investigación más exhaustiva. Animamos la labor de investigación en busca de elaborar programas de actividad física orientados a mejorar la calidad de vida en las distintas poblaciones

Impulsividad y búsqueda de sensaciones: implicaciones de intervención en jóvenes

Impulsiveness and sensation seeking are essential elements in psychological studies interested in contributing to health and well-being of people because they are related to unhealthy behaviors (addictive, disruptive and antisocial). Youth is a stage characterized by a higher frequency of dangerous and impulsive behaviours, especially in highly emotive social events, which favours the increase of these unhealthy behaviours. To test this correlation, we consider: a) explorer the relationship between impulsiveness and sensation seeking; b) analyze gender differences; and c) know the specific dimensions of sensation seeking that have a higher predictive relationship with impulsiveness globally considered and, as well as its dimensions. A sample of 100 university students (52% female and 48% male) with mean age of 21.06 years (SD= 2.19). Outcomes show a statistically significant and positive correlation between the dimensions of Impulsiveness (BIS-11, Barrat, 1985; Spanish version by Oquendo, Baca-García, Graver, Morales, Montalvan and Mann, 2001) and Sensation Seeking (SSS, Zuckerman, Eysenck and Eysenck, 1978, validated by Tous, 1984). Although, the regression analyzes identify Disinhibition as the only dimension of Sensation Seeking with predictive relationship on all dimensions of Impulsiveness. Not finding differences due to gender, we emphasize the importance of including Disinhibition in the impulsiveness intervention programs in young people. Thus, we propose the development of emotional competencies to promote healthier and adaptive behaviours.La impulsividad y la búsqueda de sensaciones son elementos esenciales en los estudios psicológicos interesados en contribuir a la salud y bienestar de las personas ya que se encuentran relacionados con conductas poco saludables (adictivas, disruptivas y antisociales). La juventud es una etapa que se caracteriza por una mayor frecuencia de comportamientos arriesgados e impulsivos, sobre todo en situaciones sociales cargadas emocionalmente, lo que favorece el aumento de estas conductas poco saludables. A fin de contrastar esta correlación, nos planteamos: a) profundizar en la relación entre impulsividad y búsqueda de sensaciones; b) analizar si existen diferencias de género; y c) discriminar las dimensiones específicas de la búsqueda de sensaciones que tiene mayor capacidad predictiva sobre la impulsividad globalmente considerada, así como sobre cada una de sus dimensiones. Para ello, se realiza un estudio expo-facto con una muestra de 100 universitarios (52% mujeres y 48% hombres) con una edad media de 21,06 años (SD. 2,19). Los resultados muestran una correlación estadísticamente significativa y positiva entre las dimensiones de la Impulsividad (BIS-11, Barrat, 1985; versión española de Oquendo, Baca-García, Graver, Morales, Montalvan y Mann, 2001) y Búsqueda de sensaciones (SSS, Zuckerman, Eysenck y Eysenck, 1978, validada por Tous, 1984), ). Si bien los análisis de regresión efectuados identifican a la desinhibición como única dimensión de la búsqueda de sensaciones con capacidad predictiva sobre todas las dimensiones de la Impulsividad. Sin encontrarse diferencias debido al género, enfatizamos la importancia de incluir la desinhibición en los programas de intervención de la impulsividad en jóvenes y proponemos el desarrollo de las competencias emocionales para potenciar conductas más saludables y adaptativas