Effects of three slow-release urea inclusions in rice straw-based diets on yearling Bali bull performances

The effects of slow-release zinc-urea complexes (ZnU), urea-impregnated zeolite (UZ) and zinc-ureaimpregnated zeolite (ZnUZ) on the performance of yearling Bali bulls were assessed using 20 Bali bulls (145.3 ± 2.5 kg bodyweight (BW)), which were allocated to five treatments and four replications in a completely randomized design. The treatments were: Diets supplemented with no urea (NU) and with urea (U), ZnU, UZ and ZnUZ. The results of the in vivo study revealed that both ZnU and UZ might replace urea effectively by increasing feed intake. Moreover, substituting urea with ZnU, UZ or ZnUZ increased crude protein total tract apparent digestibility whereas ZnU or UZ replacing urea, improved fibre total tract apparent digestibility. Furthermore, inclusion of UZ in the diet improved live weight gain and feed efficiency in Bali bulls above that of the U and NU diets. Thus, the inclusion of ZnUZ in rice straw-based diets showed slow-release urea had positive impacts on feed intake and nutrient digestibility, and increased the efficiency of feed utilization in Bali bulls.Keywords: Apparent digestibility, feed intake, urea-impregnated zeolite, zin

Pengaruh Suplemen Katalitik Terhadap Karakteristik Dan Populasi Mikroba Rumen Domba

Dry season resulted in lower availability of ruminant feeds with subsequent effects on reduction of sheep productivity; therefore nutritive supplement may be required. The objective of this experiment was to study the effect of supplementation of catalytic substrate consisting of gelatinized sago, ammonium sulfate, Co and Zn on the sheep rumen characteristics and its microbial population. Forty lambs with an average live weight of 13 kg were divided into 8 blocks to test 5 feeding treatments. The treatments were feeding low quality forage without supplement (R1), R1 plus catalytic supplement at 10% of ration (R2), 20% (R3), 30% (R4) and a positive control treatment (R0 = R1 + soybean meal). Parameter measurements included rumen pH, ammonia, VFA and microbial population. It was observed that the rumen pH ranging from 6,06 (R1), 6,15 (R2), 6,45 (R4), 6,58 (R3) and 6,85 (R0). The rumen concentrations of ammonia were 5,83 mM (R3), 6,01 mM (R4), 6,35 mM (R2), 8,30 mM (R0) and 9,36 mM (R1) with total volatile fatty acid concentration ranging from 154, 88 mM (R1), 163,70 mM (R2), 180,89 mM (R0), 188,79 mM (R4) and 194,71 mM (R3). Population of rumen bacteri for R3 was 6,09 x 109 cell/ml, which was greater than RO (5,57 x 109 cell/ml), R1 (4,36 x 109 cell/ml), R2 (4,15 x 109 cell/ml), R4 (5,60 x 109 cell/ml), while protozoa R3 (2,59 x 106 cell/ml), was lower than RO (3,51 x 106 cell/ml) R1 (5,49 x 106 cell/ml) R2 (5,61 x 106 cell/ml) R4 (3,31 x 106 cell/ml). Catalytic supplement at 20% of ration (R3) resulted in a normal rumen concentration of ammonia and pH, and increased VFA concentration. It was concluded that catalytic supplement at 20% of ration was the appropriate level for optimal rumen characteristics

Substitution of Concentrate with Mulberry Leaves in Ongole Grade Cattle Fed Rice Straw Based Diet

An experiment was conducted to assess the substitution of concentrate with mulberry (Morus spp.) leaves combined with rice straw offered to beef cattle. The study used 12 male Ongole grade cattle weighing 217+10.53 kg. Rations consisted of rice straw, mulberry leaves and concentrate. Research was carried out according to completely randomized design with 3 treatments and 4 replications for each treatment. The treatments were: P1= 50% rice straw + 50% concentrate; P2= 50% rice straw + 25% concentrate + 25% mulberry; P3= 50% rice straw + 50% mulberry. The results of the study indicated that rumen fermentation in cattlle fed on P2 ration was more effective than those receiving P1 and P3 rations. The fermentation was characterized by a higher production of total VFA and allantoin excretion in the urine. The presence of 1-deoxynojirimycin  (DNJ) compound of mulberry leaves in the rumen system in treatment P2 and P3 improved digestibility of fiber fractions of rice straw-based rations. Mulberry leaves in rations also accounted for isoacids in the rumen system, which supported the development of cellulolytic bacteria. In conclusion, mulberry leaves containing concentrate had a potency to substitute concentrate when used together with  fiber source feed such as rice straw

Blood Profile of Beef Cattle Offered Mulberry Leave Meal to Substitute Feed Concentrate

The purpose of this experiment was to examine the effects of mulberry leave meal to substitute concentrate in rice straw based ration on blood profiles of Ongole crossbreed cattle. This experiment was carried out according to completely randomized design consisted of 3 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments were P1 (50% rice straw + 50% concentrate), P2 (50% rice straw + 25% concentrate + 25% mulberry leave meal), and P3 (50% rice straw + 50% mulberry leave meal). Parameters measured were blood profiles, i.e. blood glucose, blood cholesterol and blood HDL. The results showed that substitution of concentrate with mulberry leave meal significantly reduced (P<0.05) blood glucose and increased blood cholesterol and HDL. It is concluded that mulberry leave meal can be used to substitute concentrate and give a positive effect on glucose, cholesterol,and HDL contents of blood

Pengaruh Suplemen Katalitik terhadap Karakteristik dan Populasi Mikroba Rumen Domba

Dry season resulted in lower availability of ruminant feeds with subsequent effects on reduction of sheep productivity; therefore nutritive supplement may be required. The objective of this experiment was to study the effect of supplementation of catalytic substrate consisting of gelatinized sago, ammonium sulfate, Co and Zn on the sheep rumen characteristics and its microbial population. Forty lambs with an average live weight of 13 kg were divided into 8 blocks to test 5 feeding treatments. The treatments were feeding low quality forage without supplement (R1), R1 plus catalytic supplement at 10% of ration (R2), 20% (R3), 30% (R4) and a positive control treatment (R0 = R1 + soybean meal). Parameter measurements included rumen pH, ammonia, VFA and microbial population. It was observed that the rumen pH ranging from 6,06 (R1), 6,15 (R2), 6,45 (R4), 6,58 (R3) and 6,85 (R0). The rumen concentrations of ammonia were 5,83 mM (R3), 6,01 mM (R4), 6,35 mM (R2), 8,30 mM (R0) and 9,36 mM (R1) with total volatile fatty acid concentration ranging from 154, 88 mM (R1), 163,70 mM (R2), 180,89 mM (R0), 188,79 mM (R4) and 194,71 mM (R3). Population of rumen bacteri for R3 was 6,09 x 109 cell/ml, which was greater than RO (5,57 x 109 cell/ml), R1 (4,36 x 109 cell/ml), R2 (4,15 x 109 cell/ml), R4 (5,60 x 109 cell/ml), while protozoa R3 (2,59 x 106 cell/ml), was lower than RO (3,51 x 106 cell/ml) R1 (5,49 x 106 cell/ml) R2 (5,61 x 106 cell/ml) R4 (3,31 x 106 cell/ml). Catalytic supplement at 20% of ration (R3) resulted in a normal rumen concentration of ammonia and pH, and increased VFA concentration. It was concluded that catalytic supplement at 20% of ration was the appropriate level for optimal rumen characteristics.Key words : catalytic supplement, minerals, microbes, rumen, shee

The Effect of Giving Sago Waste, Shrimp Waste and Its Combination on Cholesterol Level and Growth of White Rat

Cholesterol is very beneficial for the body but it needs attention when its level is increasing in the blood. The objective of the study was to determine cholesterol level and growth rate of white rat fed on ration containing sago waste, shrimp waste and their combinations. Fourty males Spraque dowley rats, aged two months with average body weight was 195.62 g, were randomly assigned to one of ten experimental treatments according to completely randomised design with four replication for each treatment. The treatments were R0 (control diet), ASA 20 LU 0 (20% sago waste and 0% shrimp waste), ASA 0 LU 10 (0% sago waste and 10% shrimp waste), ASA 17.5 LU 2.5 (17.5% sago waste and 2.5% shrimp waste), ASA 15 LU 5 % (15% sago waste and 5% shrimp waste), ASA 12.5 LU 7.5 (12.5% sago waste and 7.5% shrimp waste), ASA 10 LU 10 (10% sago waste and 10% shrimp waste), ASA 7.5 LU 12.5 (7.5% sago waste and 12.5% shrimp waste), ASA 5 LU 15 (5% sago waste and 15% shrimp waste %), ASA 2.5 LU 17.5 (2.5% sago waste and 17.5% shrimp waste).Variables measured included feed intake, live weight gain, plasma cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglyceride and meat cholesterol. The results showed that treatments had no (P>0.05) effects on feed intake, live weight gain, feed efficiency, plasma HDL and LDL as well as meat cholesterol. However significant differences (P<0.01) were found on plasma cholesterol and plasma triglyceride due to treatment. The lowest levels of plasma cholesterol and plasma triglyceride were observed for treatment ASA 15 LU which were 45.95 mg/dl and 43.81 mg/dl,crespectively. It can be concluded that levels of sago waste, shrimp waste and the combinations in the ration do not affect feed intake, weight gain, feed efficiency, plasma HDL, plasma LDL and meat cholesterol but it affected plasma triglycerides and plasma cholesterol of rat

Potency of 1 - Deoxynojirimycin Compounds for Slowed Hydrolysis of Various Carbohydrates by Raw Enzymes of the Rumen Liquid

Compound of 1- deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) in the mulberry leave extract (MLE) potentially hamper the hydrolysis process of various carbohydrates. This experiment aimed to study dynamic concentration of reductive sugar resulted from the hydrolysis of various carbohydrates by raw enzymes of the rumen liquid, with or without the addition of mulberry leave extract containing 1-deoxynojirimycin. Materials tested are maltose, sucrose, starch and cellulose. The result of the experiment showed that the addition of mulberry leave extract on the media with the substrate of maltose hampered the activity of Maltase. It was concluded that MLE containing DNJ can be used as an agent of slow release mechanism of non-structural carbohydrates, especially maltose, in the rumen system

Efektivitas Daun Murbei Sebagai Pengganti Konsentrat Dalam Sistem Rumen in Vitro

Mulberry leave has a great potential as animal feed because of its high nutrient content. It also has deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) compound, that is potential to increase fermentability of fibrous feed in ruminal system. An in vitro experiment was conducted to investigate the capability of mulberry leaves to substitute concentrate as feed for ruminant in increasing fermentability of fibrous feed in ruminal system. This experiment was carried out using randomized block design with five treatments and four replications. The treatments were: P0 (50% rice straw + 50% concentrate) as a control, P1 (50% rice straw + 37.5% concentrate + 12.5% mulberry leave), P2 (50% rice straw + 25% concentrate + 25% mulberry leave), P3 (50% rice straw + 12.5% concentrate + 37.5% mulberry leave), P4 (50% rice straw + 50% mulberry leave). Variables measured were fermentability (NH3 and VFA concentrations), pH, gas production, dry matter and organic matter digestibility. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and duncan multiple range test was further used to test the significant differences. VFA concentration, dry matter digestibility and organic matter digestibility were significantly difference (P < 0.05) among treatments. However, there was no significant effect on the other variables. It is concluded that mulberry leave are able to substitute the concentrate and increased fermentability of fibrous feed in ruminal system

In vitro slow-release urea contained in rice straw-based diets to increase efficiency of rumen microbial protein synthesis

Effect of slow-release urea on efficiency of rumen microbial protein synthesis (EMPS) was examined using an in vitro technique. The objective of this experiment was to reveal the in vitro slow-release urea characteristics of zinc-urea, zeolites-urea, and zeolites-zinc-urea in relation to EMPS observed in different incubation time. The experimental design employed was randomized block design with 4 x 3 factorial plus a control treatment, and conducted in two replications. Factors were various urea sources (urea, zinc-urea, zeolites-urea, and zeolites-zinc-urea) and molasses concentrations (0%, 6%, and 12%) in rice straw-based diets. The control treatment was the rice straw-based diets containing neither urea nor molasses. Diets consisting of 45% rice straw and 55% concentrates (DM basis) were formulated to have similar N and TDN levels. Responses of parameters measured were subjected to MANOVA using the GLM procedure of SPSS 16.00 and differences among mean values, if applicable, were examined using HSD-test. Orthogonal comparisons were used to determine the effects of the control treatment vs. various urea sources. Results indicated that treatment of UZ combined with 6% of molasses showed the highest microbial biomass production (2.71 mg/l) at 24 hours fermentation period with its peak production estimation (3.2 mg/l) reached at 33.5 hours of fermentation period. Moreover, UZ treatment resulted in the highest microbial protein synthesis (1,381.45 ± 77.1 mg/l) at 24 hours fermentation period with its peak microbial protein synthesis estimation (1,756.04 mg/l) reached at 33.7 hours of fermentation period. The highest EMPS (25.98 ± 1.21 mg/100 mg OMD) was achieved when ration contained 6% of molasses. Key words: Slow-Release Urea, Microbial Protein Synthesis, Microbial Biomass, In vitr