Tartósított élelmiszerek összes sav- és konyhasó tartalmának meghatározása közös oldatban

Zur Bestimmung des gesamten Säure- und Natriumchloridgehaltes von Lebens mittelkonserven in der gleichen Lösung wurde eine rasche, zu Messungen im Betrieb geeignete Methode entickclt, deren Genauigkeit mit der der genormten Methoden gleich ist. Nach einer Titration mit Natriumhydroxid (Säuregehalt) wird die Lösung mit Kaliumhydrogencarbonat gepuffert, sodann der Salzgehalt argentometrisch bestimmt. Dadurch konnten die genormten Raschmethoden vereinfacht werden. A quick method suitable for measurements in the plant was developed for the determination of the total acid and sodium chloride content of preserved foods. The method can be carried out in the same solution and its accuracy is identical with that of standard methods. After a titration of the sample with sodium hydroxide (acid content) the sample is buffered with potassium hydrogen carbonate and the content of sodium chloride determined by argentometric titration. In this way the standard quick methods could be simplified

A dementia neuropathológiája Parkinson-syndromákban = Neuropathology of dementia in Parkinson's syndromes

Vizsgálatainkban Parkinson-syndromákban (multiszisztémás atrophia, Parkinson-kór, progresszív supranuclearis bénulás, vascularis parkinsonismus (Binswanger-betegség) a dementia neuropathológiai hátterét objektív sejtszámlálási módszerekkel vizsgáltuk, az így kapott adatokat összehasonlítva az adott terület neuropathológiai markereivel. A sejtszámlálást optikai disszektor segítségével végeztük, a neuropathológiai eltéréseket immunhisztokémiai módszerekkel határoztuk meg. Multiszisztémás atrophiában a hippocampalis formatio patológiájának különbségét igazoltuk demens és nem demens betegek között. A subcorticalis magvak sejtszámának különbségét nem igazoltuk. Parkinson- kórban és progresszív supranuclearis paresisben a statisztikai feldolgozáshoz szükséges számú minta összegyűjtése még folyamatban van. Vascularis Parkinson- syndromában kimutattuk a subcorticalis fehérállományi és a corticalis NFT patológia kapcsolatát. Úgy találtuk, hogy a territoriális nagyérbetegségben az oligodendroglia károsodása kisebb mértékű, mint kisérbetegségben. | Using objective stereological cell-counting methods, we studied the neuropathological basis of dementia in Parkinsonian syndromes (multiple system atrophy, Parkinson)s disease, progressivw supranuclear palsy and vascular parkinsonism (Binswanger's disease)) and compared the data with the neuropathological markers of the given area. Optical dissector was used for counting the cells while the neuropathological markers were identified by immunohistochemistry. Our results proved that the pathology of the hippocampal formations is different between the demented and non-demented patients with multiple system atrophy. The number of the neurones in the subcortical nuclei was similar. The number of the cases in Parkinson?s disease and in progressive supranuclear palsy is need to be increased The correlation of the cortical neurofibrillary pathology and the subcortical white matter pathology was proved in vascular Parkinsonian- syndrome. We found that the damage (tau pathology) of the oligodendroglial cells is less severe in territorial infarctions than in subcortical small vessel disease

Systems-Level Feedbacks of NRF2 Controlling Autophagy upon Oxidative Stress Response

Although the primary role of autophagy-dependent cellular self-eating is cytoprotective upon various stress events (such as starvation, oxidative stress, and high temperatures), sustained autophagy might lead to cell death. A transcription factor called NRF2 (nuclear factor erythroid-related factor 2) seems to be essential in maintaining cellular homeostasis in the presence of either reactive oxygen or nitrogen species generated by internal metabolism or external exposure. Accumulating experimental evidence reveals that oxidative stress also influences the balance of the 5′ AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/rapamycin (mammalian kinase target of rapamycin or mTOR) signaling pathway, thereby inducing autophagy. Based on computational modeling here we propose that the regulatory triangle of AMPK, NRF2 and mTOR guaranties a precise oxidative stress response mechanism comprising of autophagy. We suggest that under conditions of oxidative stress, AMPK is crucial for autophagy induction via mTOR down-regulation, while NRF2 fine-tunes the process of autophagy according to the level of oxidative stress. We claim that the cellular oxidative stress response mechanism achieves an incoherently amplified negative feedback loop involving NRF2, mTOR and AMPK. The mTOR-NRF2 double negative feedback generates bistability, supporting the proper separation of two alternative steady states, called autophagy-dependent survival (at low stress) and cell death (at high stress). In addition, an AMPK-mTOR-NRF2 negative feedback loop suggests an oscillatory characteristic of autophagy upon prolonged intermediate levels of oxidative stress, resulting in new rounds of autophagy stimulation until the stress events cannot be dissolved. Our results indicate that AMPK-, NRF2- and mTOR-controlled autophagy induction provides a dynamic adaptation to altering environmental conditions, assuming their new frontier in biomedicine

Detection and Characterization of Invertebrate Iridoviruses Found in Reptiles and Prey Insects in Europe over the Past Two Decades

Invertebrate iridoviruses (IIVs), while mostly described in a wide range of invertebrate hosts, have also been repeatedly detected in diagnostic samples from poikilothermic vertebrates including reptiles and amphibians. Since iridoviruses from invertebrate and vertebrate hosts differ strongly from one another based not only on host range but also on molecular characteristics, a series of molecular studies and bioassays were performed to characterize and compare IIVs from various hosts and evaluate their ability to infect a vertebrate host. Eight IIV isolates from reptilian and orthopteran hosts collected over a period of six years were partially sequenced. Comparison of eight genome portions (total over 14 kbp) showed that these were all very similar to one another and to an earlier described cricket IIV isolate, thus they were given the collective name lizard–cricket IV (Liz–CrIV). One isolate from a chameleon was also subjected to Illumina sequencing and almost the entire genomic sequence was obtained. Comparison of this longer genome sequence showed several differences to the most closely related IIV, Invertebrate iridovirus 6 (IIV6), the type species of the genus Iridovirus, including several deletions and possible recombination sites, as well as insertions of genes of non-iridoviral origin. Three isolates from vertebrate and invertebrate hosts were also used for comparative studies on pathogenicity in crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus) at 20 and 30 C. Finally, the chameleon isolate used for the genome sequencing studies was also used in a transmission study with bearded dragons. The transmission studies showed large variability in virus replication and pathogenicity of the three tested viruses in crickets at the two temperatures. In the infection study with bearded dragons, lizards inoculated with a Liz–CrIV did not become ill, but the virus was detected in numerous tissues by qPCR and was also isolated in cell culture from several tissues. Highest viral loads were measured in the gastro-intestinal organs and in the skin. These studies demonstrate that Liz–CrIV circulates in the pet trade in Europe. This virus is capable of infecting both invertebrates and poikilothermic vertebrates, although its involvement in disease in the latter has not been proven